Tomographic, cadaveric and clinical study of safe corridors for insertion of implants in the thoracolumbar spine of dogs and cats using a lateral approach.

Objectives: This study aimed to: describe a lateral vertebral corridor (T6-L7) for the implantation of screws and polymethylmethacrylate to treat thoracolumbar vertebral injuries; assess the feasibility and safety of this approach using computed tomography; assess the learning curve of this technique in canine cadavers; and assess the outcomes in injured dogs and cats in a retrospective clinical study.

Materials And Methods: Tomographic study: Lateral vertebral corridors were defined using computed tomography images of normal canine spines in the transverse plane. Cadaveric study: Corridors were drilled by a novice neurosurgeon on the cadavers, and deviation from an angle of 90° was evaluated on computed tomography in chronological order to assess the learning curve.

and regulate vacuolar size and function in .

The yeast vacuole plays key roles in cellular stress responses. Here, we show that deletion of , the fission yeast homolog of the Chediak-Higashi Syndrome / gene, increases vacuolar size, similar to deletion of the Rab4 homolog . Overexpression of lvs1-YFP rescued vacuolar size in cells, but ypt4-YFP did not rescue , suggesting that may act downstream of .

Haploinsufficiency of the Sec7 guanine nucleotide exchange factor gea1 impairs septation in fission yeast.

Membrane trafficking is essential to eukaryotic life and is controlled by a complex network of proteins that regulate movement of proteins and lipids between organelles. The GBF1/GEA family of Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs) regulates trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi by catalyzing the exchange of GDP for GTP on ADP Ribosylation Factors (Arfs). Activated Arfs recruit coat protein complex 1 (COP-I) to form vesicles that ferry cargo between these organelles.