Glycine max polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 11 (GmPGIP11) functions in the root to suppress Heterodera glycines parasitism.

Pathogen-secreted polygalacturonases (PGs) alter plant cell wall structure by cleaving the α-(1 → 4) linkages between D-galacturonic acid residues in homogalacturonan (HG), macerating the cell wall, facilitating infection. Plant PG inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) disengage pathogen PGs, impairing infection. The soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, obligate root parasite produces secretions, generating a multinucleate nurse cell called a syncytium, a byproduct of the merged cytoplasm of 200-250 root cells, occurring through cell wall maceration.

Data analysis of polygalacturonase inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) from agriculturally important proteomes.

The plant cell wall structure can be altered by pathogen-secreted polygalacturonases (PGs) that cleave the α-(1→4) linkages occurring between D-galacturonic acid residues in homogalacturonan. The activity of the PGs leads to cell wall maceration, facilitating infection. Plant PG inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) impede pathogen PGs, impairing infection and leading to the ability of the plant to resist infection.

Transformation and gene editing in the bioenergy grass Miscanthus.

Background: Miscanthus, a C4 member of Poaceae, is a promising perennial crop for bioenergy, renewable bioproducts, and carbon sequestration. Species of interest include nothospecies M. x giganteus and its parental species M.

Altering the brain circuits for reading through intervention: a magnetic source imaging study.

Intervention-related changes in spatiotemporal profiles of regional brain activation were examined by whole-head magnetoencephalography in 15 children with severe reading difficulties who had failed to show adequate progress to quality reading instruction during Grade 1. Intensive intervention initially focused on phonological decoding skills (for 8 weeks) and, during the subsequent 8 weeks, on rapid word recognition ability. Clinically significant improvement in reading skills was noted in 8 children who showed "normalizing" changes in their spatiotemporal profiles of regional brain activity (increased duration of activity in the left temporoparietal region and a shift in the relative timing of activity in temporoparietal and inferior frontal regions).