Physiological costs of warning: Defensive hissing increases metabolic rate and evaporative water loss in a venomous snake.

To minimize predation risk and the cost of confronting predators, prey have developed a range of defensive strategies and warning signals. Although advantageous, defensive warnings may also induce physiological and energy costs to the emitter. Ventilatory sounds (hissing) are the most distributed warning sound in vertebrates.

Antibiotic susceptibility of cultivable microbiota from the oral cavity of captive Bothrops atrox and Bothrops lanceolatus: Implications for the treatment of snakebite-associated infections in the French departments of America.

Introduction: Secondary infection is a frequent complication after bites by Bothrops atroxin French Guiana or B. lanceolatus in Martinique. Knowledge of the bacteria present in snake mouths is a valuable aid for determining probabilistic antibiotherapy after Bothrops bite.