Vertebral artery and osseous anomalies characteristic at the craniocervical junction diagnosed by CT and 3D CT angiography in normal Czech population: analysis of 511 consecutive patients.

There are numerous indications for stabilization using instrumentation of the upper cervical spine. This area is comprised of sophisticated anatomy. There is no study describing bony and vascular anomalies of this area in the middle European population.

Treatment of thoracolumbar trauma by short-segment percutaneous transpedicular screw instrumentation: prospective comparative study with a minimum 2-year follow-up.

Object: The main aim of this study was to compare clinical and radiological outcomes after stabilization by a percutaneous transpedicular system and stabilization from the standard open approach for thoracolumbar spine injury.

Methods: Thirty-seven consecutive patients were enrolled in the study over a period of 16 months. Patients were included in the study if they experienced 1 thoracolumbar fracture (A3.

Effect of endothelin-1 on the excitability of rat cortical and hippocampal slices in vitro.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a neuroactive protein produced in most brain cell types and participates in regulation of cerebral blood flow and blood pressure. In addition to its vascular effects, ET-1 affects synaptic and nonsynaptic neuronal and glial functions. Direct application of ET-1 to the hippocampus of immature rats results in cerebral ischemia, acute seizures, and epileptogenesis.