Distributed sensory coding by cerebellar complex spikes in units of cortical segments.

Sensory processing is essential for motor control. Climbing fibers from the inferior olive transmit sensory signals to Purkinje cells, but how the signals are represented in the cerebellar cortex remains elusive. To examine the olivocerebellar organization of the mouse brain, we perform quantitative Ca imaging to measure complex spikes (CSs) evoked by climbing fiber inputs over the entire dorsal surface of the cerebellum simultaneously.

Treponema denticola Induces Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in Polarized Epithelial Cells.

Treponema denticola, an anaerobic spirochete found mainly in the oral cavity, is associated with periodontal disease and has a variety of virulence factors. Although in vitro studies have shown that T. denticola is able to penetrate epithelial cell monolayers, its effect on the epithelial barrier junction is not known.

Treponema denticola invasion into human gingival epithelial cells.

Host cell invasion is important for periodontal pathogens in evading host defenses and spreading into deeper areas of the periodontal tissue. Treponema denticola has been implicated in a number of potentially pathogenic processes, including periodontal tissue penetration. Here we tested the ability of T.

Antimicrobial activity of super-oxidised water against oral microorganisms.

Objective: The radical anion of oxygen (O(-)) is extremely oxidative and shows high reactivity. In this study, the antibacterial activity of water super-oxidised water containing high concentration of O(-) (O(-)-water) was tested against cultured planktonic cells of cariogenic bacteria, periodontopathic bacteria and Candida albicans.

Methods: O(-)-water was prepared using the AOE-750 (Oxy Japan Corporation, Japan) and its antibacterial activity against pure culture of Streptococcus sobrinus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum and C.

Congo red-binding protein in rough-phenotype Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is amyloid-like fiber.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a pathogen associated with chronic and aggressive periodontitis and extra-oral infections. Fresh isolates of A. actinomycetemcomitans are fimbriated, forming small, rough-phenotype colonies on agar plates and also form biofilms.