Downstream Changes in Odonate (Insecta: Odonata) Communities along a Suburban to Urban Gradient: Untangling Natural and Anthropogenic Effects.

The community structure of lotic odonates (Insecta: Odonata) changes downstream, but it is difficult to untangle natural and anthropogenic causes. We surveyed larvae and adults at 15 sites along the Reedy River in Greenville Co., SC, USA, from sites in forested suburban landscapes through the urban core of the city of Greenville.

Cochlear implant electronics made simple.

Electronics used in cochlear implants are relatively straightforward. While all cochlear implants process signals by amplifying, compressing, filtering, and encoding them for transmission to and use by the receiver, there are significant electronic variations amongst cochlear implant systems. The evolving nature of cochlear implant research and development makes it difficult, at the least, to predict the optimum electronic configuration.

Design and function: a physical and electrical description of the 3M House cochlear implant system.

A patient-wearable, single-electrode cochlear implant was first used by a patient in 1972 at the House Ear Institute. Since early 1982, a redesigned version of this system has been in clinical use. This new system, called the 3M House cochlear implant system, consists of an implanted receiver and a patient-worn signal processor, transmitter, and microphone.

Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation in the treatment of urinary incontinence.

We evaluated five types of electrical stimulation (continuous, intermittent pseudorandomized, randomized (stochastic), and intermittent randomized) for their effects on muscle contraction and muscle fatigue in 12 patients with urinary incontinence. Continuous stimulation, used in the available commercial stimulators, was not optimal. Randomized (stochastic) stimulation seems to be optimal although this conclusion was not statistically confirmed.