A study on the quantity, type, economic value and reasons for pharmaceutical waste returned to pharmacies in Finland.

Introduction: Some medicines purchased are not used, resulting in pharmaceutical waste. Finland, among many other countries, is seeking to reduce the amount of pharmaceutical waste, but little information on this is currently available. This study aimed to evaluate the quantity, type, economic value, and reasons for returning pharmaceutical waste from households to community pharmacies in Finland.

The reasons behind medicine shortages from the perspective of pharmaceutical companies and pharmaceutical wholesalers in Finland.

The aim of this study was to explore the reasons behind medicine shortages from the perspective of pharmaceutical companies and pharmaceutical wholesalers in Finland. The study took the form of semi-structured interviews. Forty-one pharmaceutical companies and pharmaceutical wholesalers were invited to participate in the study.

Medicine shortages--a study of community pharmacies in Finland.

Objectives: To explore the frequency, the reasons behind, and the consequences of medicine shortages in Finnish community pharmacies.

Methods: During the 27-day study period in the autumn of 2013, randomly selected pharmacies reported on medicines that were in short supply from orders made to wholesalers.

Results: Altogether 129 (66%, n=195) pharmacies participated in the study, and the study material consisted of 3311 report forms.

Bulimia and tooth erosion.

Eating disorders are often associated with regurgitation of gastric contents into the mouth and dental erosion. In this study the dental status was evaluated in bulimic patients. Thirty-five bulimics, diagnosed in the Outpatient Departments of Psychiatry and Adolescent Psychiatry of the University Central Hospital in Helsinki, and 105 controls matched for age, sex, and educational level were examined clinically, and the factors associated with dental erosion and caries were evaluated in an interview.

Calcium absorption from apple and orange juice fortified with calcium citrate malate (CCM).

Objective: Determine calcium (Ca) absorption from Ca fortified orange and apple juice.

Methods: Absorbability was assessed by measuring 45Ca absorption in healthy women (mean age 57 years, n = 57/group) and whole body 47Ca retention in adult female beagle dogs (n = 6/group) and young adult male rats (n = 6/group). Women received 6.