Variation in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement in generating different conditioned behaviors.

Rat autoshaping procedures generate two readily measurable conditioned responses: During lever presentations that have previously signaled food, rats approach the food well (called goal-tracking) and interact with the lever itself (called sign-tracking). We investigated how reinforced and nonreinforced trials affect the overall and temporal distributions of these two responses across 10-second lever presentations. In two experiments, reinforced trials generated more goal-tracking than sign-tracking, and nonreinforced trials resulted in a larger reduction in goal-tracking than sign-tracking.

Robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty for ureteropelvic junction obstruction A retrospective review of a high-volume Canadian center.

Introduction: At present, there is no literature on the outcomes of robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty (RALPyelo) in a Canadian context. Our objective was to perform a retrospective review of RALPyelo cases at a high-volume Canadian center.

Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent RALPyelo at St.

Prediction error in models of adaptive behavior.

Pavlovian conditioning is evident in every species in which it has been assessed, and there is a consensus about its interpretation across behavioral, brain, and computational analyses: conditioned behavior reflects the formation of a directional associative link from the memory of one stimulus (e.g., a visual stimulus) to another (e.

Determination of optimal stent length: a survey of urologic surgeons.

Introduction: Ureteral double-J stent length is an important factor affecting stent-related symptoms. Multiple techniques exist to determine ideal stent length for a given patient, however, little is known about what techniques urologists rely on. Our objective was to identify how urologists determine optimal stent length.

Higher-order conditioning: A critical review and computational model.

Higher-order conditioning results from a simple training procedure: Pairing two relatively neutral conditioned stimuli, A and X, allows properties separately conditioned to X (e.g., through pairing it with an unconditioned stimulus, US) to be evident during A.