Risks of grade reclassification among patients with Gleason grade group 1 prostate cancer and PI-RADS 5 findings on prostate MRI.

Background And Objective: As most Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) 5 lesions on MRI harbor Gleason grade (GG) group ≥2 disease on biopsy, optimal management of patients with imaging-biopsy discordance remains unclear. To estimate grade misclassification, we evaluated the incidence of Gleason upgrading among patients with GG1 disease in the setting of a PI-RADS 5 lesion.

Methods: We conducted a single-institution retrospective analysis to identify patients with GG1 prostate cancer on fusion biopsy with MRI demonstrating ≥1 PI-RADS 5 lesion.

Focusing on autism symptoms masks sex-specific needs of autistic children: An example from the Sydney Child Neurodevelopment Research Registry.

Studies have shown that there is a difference between biological sex at birth in autism spectrum disorder. There remains a lack of understanding about how the symptoms of autism differ between assigned males at birth and assigned females at birth. We looked at the presence of sex differences in a large group of autistic toddlers, children and adolescents, who were seen in a large diagnosis and assessment clinic.

Sparsity of Population Activity in the Hippocampus Is Task-Invariant Across the Trisynaptic Circuit and Dorsoventral Axis.

Evidence from neurophysiological and genetic studies demonstrates that activity sparsity-the proportion of neurons that are active at a given time in a population-systematically varies across the canonical trisynaptic circuit of the hippocampus. Recent work has also shown that sparsity varies across the hippocampal dorsoventral (long) axis, wherein activity is sparser in ventral than dorsal regions. While the hippocampus has a critical role in long-term memory (LTM), whether sparsity across the trisynaptic circuit and hippocampal long axis is task-dependent or invariant remains unknown.

Anterograde versus Retrograde Effects of Damage to Identified Learning and Memory Systems during Acquisition, Retention, and Re-Acquisition of an Instrumental Visual Discrimination Task: Dorsal Striatum, Perirhinal Cortex, and Hippocampus.

Background: The goal of these experiments was to determine which learning and memory system(s) were necessary for the retention of visual discriminations and subsequent acquisition of a second problem. The dorsal striatum should be involved in the acquisition and expression of this task based on previous work implicating this region in instrumental learning and memory processes. The perirhinal cortex has been implicated in learning and memory processes associated with visual information like objects, and pictures and may also play a role in the acquisition and/or retention of visual discriminations.

The Use of Blood-Based Biomarkers in the Prediction of Colorectal Neoplasia at the Time of Primary Screening Colonoscopy Among Average-Risk Patients: A Systematic Literature Review.

Background/objectives: Risk prediction models (RPMs) for colorectal cancer (CRC) could facilitate risk-based screening. Models incorporating biomarkers may improve the utility of current RPMs. We performed a systematic review of studies reporting RPMs for CRC that evaluated the impact of blood-based biomarkers on clinical outcome prediction at the time of screening colonoscopy in average-risk populations.