Continuous Interscalene Brachial Plexus Blocks: An Anatomical Challenge between Scylla and Charybdis?

Brachial plexus blocks at the interscalene level are frequently chosen by physicians and recommended by textbooks for providing regional anesthesia and analgesia to patients scheduled for shoulder surgery. Published data concerning interscalene single-injection or continuous brachial plexus blocks report good analgesic effects. The principle of interscalene catheters is to extend analgesia beyond the duration of the local anesthetic's effect through continuous infusion, as opposed to a single injection.

[Ultrasound-guided low-volume continuous cervical sympathetic nerve block for treatment of an electrical storm].

In addition to the treatment for complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), the stellate ganglion block is a treatment option for refractory intermittent ventricular tachycardia (VT). Despite the use of imaging techniques, such as fluoroscopy and ultrasound, numerous side effects and complications have been reported. These are a result of the complex anatomical site and the volume of injected local anesthetics.

[Ultrasound-guided peripheral venepuncture under poor venous conditions].

Placement of a peripheral indwelling venous catheter is a routinely performed invasive procedure, in which complications are often underestimated. In difficult venous conditions multiple puncture attempts are often required, which are time consuming, unnecessarily painful for the patients and nevertheless not always successful. Due to the close anatomical relationship between superficial veins and peripheral nerves in the arm, puncture-related nerve injury is not uncommon.

The relationship between the lateral cutaneous antebrachial nerve and the superficial branch of the radial nerve and its impact on regional anesthetic and pain blocks of the thumb; What is more important: Nerves or dermatomes?

Background: Innervation of the thumb and radial part of the dorsum of the hand is achieved primarily by the radial nerve, which is usually blocked for hand surgery. Inefficient blocks occur because the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve also extends into this area. The question then arises, whether skin innervation and peripheral blocking techniques should be directed at from the innervation by these nerves or more by the dermatome and its spinal segments.

Reinvigoration/Rejuvenation Induced through Micrografting of Tree Species: Signaling through Graft Union.

Trees have a distinctive and generally long juvenile period during which vegetative growth rate is rapid and floral organs do not differentiate. Among trees, the juvenile period can range from 1 year to 15-20 years, although with some forest tree species, it can be longer. Vegetative propagation of trees is usually much easier during the juvenile phase than with mature phase materials.