Development of an aqueous ultrasound-assisted extraction process of bioactive compounds from beet leaves: a proposal for reducing losses and increasing biomass utilization.

Background: Red beet plants are cultivated worldwide for the consumption of their roots, generating large amounts of unexploited by-products. In particular, beet leaves (BLs) represent about 50% of the whole plant and are usually discarded as waste. This constitutes not only an economic issue, since multiple resources invested in the production will be wasted, but also an environmental problem because of the pollution associated with their disposal.

Natural antimicrobials for beet leaves preservation: in vitro and in vivo determination of effectiveness.

Nisin (Ni), natamycin (Na), green tea extract (GTE) and their combinations were evaluated for controlling beet leaves' native microbiota as well as and external contaminations. Antimicrobial effectiveness was evaluated through in vitro and in vivo studies. In the in vitro studies, GTE treatment (0.

Translation and Translational Control in Dinoflagellates.

Dinoflagellates are unicellular protists that feature a multitude of unusual nuclear features, including large genomes, packaging of DNA without histones, and multiple gene copies organized as tandem gene arrays. Furthermore, all dinoflagellate mRNAs experience trans-splicing with a common 22-nucleotide splice leader (SL) sequence. These features challenge some of the concepts and assumptions about the regulation of gene expression derived from work on model eukaryotes such as yeasts and mammals.

Use of Antibiotics for Maintenance of Axenic Cultures of Amphidinium carterae for the Analysis of Translation.

Most dinoflagellates in culture are bacterized, complicating the quantification of protein synthesis, as well as the analysis of its regulation. In bacterized cultures of Hulbert, up to 80% of protein synthetic activity appears to be predominantly bacterial based on responses to inhibitors of protein synthesis. To circumvent this, axenic cultures of were obtained and shown to respond to inhibitors of protein synthesis in a manner characteristic of eukaryotes.

Taurine Biosynthesis in a Fish Liver Cell Line (ZFL) Adapted to a Serum-Free Medium.

Although taurine has been shown to play multiple important physiological roles in teleosts, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying dietary requirements. Cell lines can provide useful tools for deciphering biosynthetic pathways and their regulation. However, culture media and sera contain variable taurine levels.