Apiole, an important constituent of parsley, is a mixed-type inhibitor of the CYP1A subfamily.

Apiole (1-allyl-2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxybenzene) and parsley leaves ethanolic extract containing it inhibit the rat liver microsomal ethoxy- and methoxyresorufin-O-deacetylase activities associated with cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and 1A2, respectively. Cytochrome P4501A subfamily metabolizes environmental mutagens and several drugs, leading to the formation of mutagenic metabolites. Docking analysis showed that residue Phe123 within the active site of the CYP1A1 enzyme is bound to apiole through a π/π stacking of its benzene ring.

Piper auritum ethanol extract is a potent antimutagen against food-borne aromatic amines: mechanisms of action and chemical composition.

An ethanol extract of Piper auritum leaves (PAEE) inhibits the mutagenic effect of three food-borne aromatic amines (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP); 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx); 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (4,8-DiMeIQx)) in the TA98 Salmonella typhimurium strain. Preincubation with MeIQx demonstrated in mutagenesis experiments that inhibition of Cytochrome P450 (CYP), as well as direct interaction between component(s) of the plant extract with mutagens, might account for the antimutagenic observed effect. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis revealed that safrole (50.