The Influence of Selection on MHC DQA and DQB Haplotypes in the Endemic New Zealand Hector's and Māui Dolphins.

Strong balancing selection on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) can lead to different patterns in gene frequencies and neutral genomic variation within species. We investigated diversity and geographic structure of MHC genes DQA and DQB, as well as their inferred functional haplotypes, from 2 regional populations (East and West Coast) of the endangered Hector's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori hectori) and the critically endangered Māui dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori maui) (West Coast, North Island), and contrasted these results with patterns from neutral microsatellites. The Māui had the lowest number of alleles for DQA (2) and DQB (3), consistent with strong genetic drift acting on this remnant population.

Simulations indicate that scores of lionfish () colonized the Atlantic Ocean.

The invasion of the western Atlantic Ocean by the Indo-Pacific red lionfish () has had devastating consequences for marine ecosystems. Estimating the number of colonizing lionfish can be useful in identifying the introduction pathway and can inform policy decisions aimed at preventing similar invasions. It is well-established that at least ten lionfish were initially introduced.

Historical dimensions of population structure in a continuously distributed marine species: The case of the endemic Chilean dolphin.

The complementarity of historical and contemporary processes contributes to understanding the genetic structure of continuously distributed marine species with high dispersal capabilities. Cephalorhynchus eutropia, has a continuous coastal distribution with strong genetic differentiation identified by nuclear DNA markers. We explored the historical dimension of this genetic differentiation between northern and southern populations to evaluate phylogeographic structure.

Dual therapy of grazoprevir and elbasvir for the treatment of hepatitis C infection.

The impact of chronic hepatitis C (HCV) worldwide is expected to increase as the population infected with HCV ages and more undiagnosed individuals are identified and linked to care through nation-wide initiatives. The development of interferon-free regimens involving the use of direct-acting antiviral agents, which disrupt key steps in viral replication, has revolutionized the treatment of chronic HCV infection. However, there remains a great medical need for HCV therapy that is of shorter duration, all-oral, with a high barrier to resistance, and highly effective for all patient populations including those with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and cirrhosis.