Betaine and L-Carnitine Synergistically Influence the Metabolome and Immune Response in Dogs.

This study used thirty-two dogs, which were assigned to a preferred period of 14 days and then assigned to one of the four treatment foods: control (containing no added betaine, no added L-carnitine), control with 0.5% added betaine (Treatment 2), control with no added betaine and 300 ppm added L-carnitine (Treatment 3), or control with 0.5% added betaine and 300 ppm added L-carnitine (Treatment 4).

GPR30 is necessary for estradiol-induced desensitization of 5-HT1A receptor signaling in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus.

Estrogen therapy used in combination with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment improves SSRI efficacy for the treatment of mood disorders. Desensitization of serotonin 1A (5-HT(1A)) receptors, which takes one to two weeks to develop in animals, is necessary for SSRI therapeutic efficacy. Estradiol modifies 5-HT(1A) receptor signaling and induces a partial desensitization in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the rat within two days, but the mechanisms underlying this effect are currently unknown.

Estradiol induces partial desensitization of serotonin 1A receptor signaling in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and alters expression and interaction of RGSZ1 and Gαz.

Hyperactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary mediated hormone responses, such as to stimulation with a serotonin 1A (5-HT(1A)) receptor agonist, are a feature of depression which are normalized with clinical improvement during drug therapy. We previously reported that SSRIs induce desensitization of 5-HT(1A) receptor signaling in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) while estradiol benzoate (EB) produces a more rapid, partial desensitization. In the current study, time course and dose-response experiments demonstrated that two once daily doses of EB is the minimum needed to induce the desensitization response as indicated by 5-HT(1A) receptor-stimulated release of oxytocin and that 10 μg/kg/day EB produces the maximal response, a partial desensitization of approximately 40%.

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of divalproex extended release loading monotherapy in ambulatory bipolar spectrum disorder patients with moderate-to-severe hypomania or mild mania.

Objective: To determine whether divalproex extended release (ER) would be effective in outpatients with DSM-IV-TR-diagnosed ambulatory bipolar spectrum disorder (BSD) and moderate-to-severe hypomanic or mild manic symptoms (hypomania/mild mania).

Method: An 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of divalproex ER oral loading (begun at 15 mg/kg/d and titrated to a maximum of 30 mg/kg/d) in ambulatory BSD with hypomania/mild mania patients, operationally defined as a Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) score >or= 10 but < 21 at baseline and at 1 other study visit at least 3 days apart over the 2 weeks before baseline, was conducted. Patients were enrolled from October 2003 through November 2007.

Pulsatile intermittent intravenous insulin therapy for attenuation of retinopathy and nephropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Many hormones are secreted in a pulsatile fashion that is more efficient than continuous secretion when tested in vivo. A trial of multiple daily insulin doses with or without the addition of weekly pulsatile insulin infusion therapy was designed to determine if deterioration of renal and retinal function could be blunted. Sixty-five study subjects were evaluated prospectively in 7 centers.