Origins and impact of extrachromosomal DNA.

Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a major contributor to treatment resistance and poor outcome for patients with cancer. Here we examine the diversity of ecDNA elements across cancer, revealing the associated tissue, genetic and mutational contexts. By analysing data from 14,778 patients with 39 tumour types from the 100,000 Genomes Project, we demonstrate that 17.

MHC Hammer reveals genetic and non-genetic HLA disruption in cancer evolution.

Disruption of the class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules has important implications for immune evasion and tumor evolution. We developed major histocompatibility complex loss of heterozygosity (LOH), allele-specific mutation and measurement of expression and repression (MHC Hammer). We identified extensive variability in HLA allelic expression and pervasive HLA alternative splicing in normal lung and breast tissue.

Increased flushing frequency of a model plumbing system initially promoted the formation of viable but non culturable cells but ultimately reduced the concentration of culturable and total DNA.

is the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, and its prevalence in potable water is a significant public health issue. Water stagnation within buildings increases the risk of However, there are limited studies investigating how stagnation arising through intermittent usage affects proliferation and the studies that are available do not consider viable but non culturable (VBNC) . This study used a model plumbing system to examine how intermittent water stagnation affects both VBNC and culturable .