Primary aspergillosis of the larynx and squamous cell carcinoma.

Primary laryngeal aspergillosis is exceptionally rare, and only five cases have been reported in the literature. We present here two cases of invasive laryngeal aspergillosis without tracheobronchopulmonary extension and without any generalized immune deficit. Aspergillosis developed after local radiotherapy for a squamous cell carcinoma and preceded a recurrence of the tumor.

[Pain assessment].

After recalling the components and the factors influencing the pain, are stated the main reasons which needs for the evaluation of the pain. The different methods allowing an evaluation of the pain are then described with their advantages and disadvantages. These methods are based on, on one hand on questonary with as a support the use of different mono or multidimensional scales and on the other hand a clinical examination.

[Some useful basics of functional anatomy for a better understanding of the pain phenomenon].

Cannot simply be considered as a nociception phenomenon: it is more complex than a simple transmission system that conveys this information to the cerebral cortex. It is mainly a psychological event. Numerous regulating and inhibiting effects on incoming pain signals exist, for the most part located in spinal and thalamic areas; only half of these are morphine-dependent.