Adipose Tissue as a Major Launch Spot for Circulating Extracellular Vesicle-Carried MicroRNAs Coordinating Tissue and Systemic Metabolism.

Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs), especially transported by extracellular vesicles (EVs), have recently emerged as major new participants in interorgan communication, playing an important role in the metabolic coordination of our tissues. Among these, adipose tissue displays an extraordinary ability to secrete a vast list of EV-carried miRNAs into the circulation, representing new hormone-like factors. Despite the limitations of current methodologies for the unequivocal identification of the origin and destination of EV-carried miRNAs in vivo, recent investigations clearly support the important regulatory role of adipose-derived circulating miRNAs in shaping the metabolism and function of other tissues including the liver, muscle, endocrine pancreas, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, and brain.

Adipocyte deletion of the oxygen-sensor PHD2 sustains elevated energy expenditure at thermoneutrality.

Enhancing thermogenic brown adipose tissue (BAT) function is a promising therapeutic strategy for metabolic disease. However, predominantly thermoneutral modern human living conditions deactivate BAT. We demonstrate that selective adipocyte deficiency of the oxygen-sensor HIF-prolyl hydroxylase (PHD2) gene overcomes BAT dormancy at thermoneutrality.

Multi-step regulation of microRNA expression and secretion into small extracellular vesicles by insulin.

Tissues release microRNAs (miRNAs) in small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) including exosomes, which can regulate gene expression in distal cells, thus acting as modulators of local and systemic metabolism. Here, we show that insulin regulates miRNA secretion into sEVs from 3T3-L1 adipocytes and that this process is differentially regulated from cellular expression. Thus, of the 53 miRNAs upregulated and 66 miRNAs downregulated by insulin in 3T3-L1 sEVs, only 12 were regulated in parallel in cells.

Surrogate metamodels from digital image correlation for testing high-performance composite vessels.

In this work, a workflow has been developed for the generation of surrogate metamodels to predict and evaluate failure with a confidence above 95 % in initial service conditions of high-performance cylindrical vessels manufactured in composites by Roll Wrapping technology. Currently, there is no specific testing standardization for this type of vessel and to fill this gap probabilistic numerical models were developed, performed by the Finite Element Method, fed with the material characteristics obtained experimentally by 2D digital image correlation from flat specimens. From the initial numerical model, a surrogate metamodel was generated by stochastic approximations.

Reciprocal communication between FAPs and muscle cells via distinct extracellular vesicle miRNAs in muscle regeneration.

Muscle regeneration is a complex process relying on precise teamwork between multiple cell types, including muscle stem cells (MuSCs) and fibroadipogenic progenitors (FAPs). FAPs are also the main source of intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT). Muscles without FAPs exhibit decreased IMAT infiltration but also deficient muscle regeneration, indicating the importance of FAPs in the repair process.