Prospective payments for health care providers require adequate risk adjustment (RA) to address systematic variation in patients' health care needs. However, the design of RA for provider payment involves many choices and difficult trade-offs between incentives for risk selection, incentives for cost control, and feasibility. Despite a growing literature, a comprehensive framework of these choices and trade-offs is lacking.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDevelopmental exposure to carbamates, organophosphates, and pyrethroids has been associated with impaired neurodevelopmental outcomes. Sex-specific differences following chronic insecticide exposure are rather common in vivo. Therefore, we assessed the chronic effects of in vitro exposure to different carbamates (carbaryl, methomyl and aldicarb), organophosphates [chlorpyrifos (CPF), chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPO), and 3,5,6,trichloropyridinol (TCP)], and pyrethroids [permethrin, alpha-cypermethrin and 3-phenoxy benzoic acid (3-PBA)] on neuronal network development in sex-separated rat primary cortical cultures using micro-electrode array (MEA) recordings.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNearly all empirical studies that estimate the coefficients of a risk equalization formula present the value of the statistical measure R. The R-value is often (implicitly) interpreted as a measure of the extent to which the risk equalization payments remove the regulation-induced predictable profits and losses on the insured, with a higher R-value indicating a better performance. In many cases, however, we do not know whether a model with R = 0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMany health insurance markets are organized by principles of regulated competition. Regulators of these markets typically apply risk equalization (aka risk adjustment) and risk sharing to mitigate risk selection. Risk equalization and risk sharing can have various positive and negative effects on efficiency and fairness.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF