Evasion of toll-like receptor recognition by is mediated via population level regulation of flagellin production.

Uropathogenic is a major cause of urinary tract infections. Analysis of the innate immune response in immortalized urothelial cells suggests that the bacterial flagellar subunit, flagellin, is key in inducing host defenses. A panel of 48 clinical uro-associated .

Discovery, development, and clinical proof of mechanism of LY3463251, a long-acting GDF15 receptor agonist.

GDF15 and its receptor GFRAL/RET form a non-homeostatic system that regulates food intake and body weight in preclinical species. Here, we describe a GDF15 analog, LY3463251, a potent agonist at the GFRAL/RET receptor with prolonged pharmacokinetics. In rodents and obese non-human primates, LY3463251 decreased food intake and body weight with no signs of malaise or emesis.

Nomogram predicting the probability of spontaneous stone passage in patients presenting with acute ureteric colic.

Objectives: To develop a nomogram that could predict spontaneous stone passage (SSP) in patients presenting with acute ureteric colic who are suitable for conservative management.

Subject/patients: A 2517 patient dataset was utilised from an international multi-centre cohort study (MIMIC, A Multi-centre Cohort Study Evaluating the role of Inflammatory Markers In Patients Presenting with Acute Ureteric Colic) of patients presenting with acute ureteric colic across 71 secondary care hospitals in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand. Inclusion criteria mandated a non-contrast CT-KUB.

Methenamine hippurate compared with antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections in women: the ALTAR non-inferiority RCT.

Background: Daily, low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis is the current standard care for women with recurrent urinary tract infection. Emerging antimicrobial resistance is a global health concern, prompting research interest in non-antibiotic agents such as methenamine hippurate, but comparative data on their efficacy and safety are lacking.

Objective: To assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of methenamine hippurate (Hiprex; Mylan NV, Canonsburg, PA, USA) compared with current standard care (antibiotic prophylaxis) for recurrent urinary tract infection prevention in adult women.

Alternative to prophylactic antibiotics for the treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections in women: multicentre, open label, randomised, non-inferiority trial.

Objective: To test and compare the efficacy of methenamine hippurate for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections with the current standard prophylaxis of daily low dose antibiotics.

Design: Multicentre, open label, randomised, non-inferiority trial.

Setting: Eight centres in the UK, recruiting from June 2016 to June 2018.