Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of metal nanoparticles for risk assessment of inhalation exposures: a state-of-the-science expert panel review.

A critical review of the current state-of-the-science for the physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of metal nanoparticles and their application to human health risk assessment for inhalation exposures was conducted. A systematic literature search was used to identify four model groups (defined as a primary publication along with multiple supplementary publications) subject to review. Using a recent guideline document from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) for PBPK model evaluation, these model groups were critically peer-reviewed by an independent panel of experts to identify those to be considered for modeling and simulation application.

Framework to Evaluate Exposure Relevance and Data Needs for Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials using in Vitro Testing Strategies.

This article presents a multistage framework for evaluating the strength of evidence of nanomaterial (NM) exposure characterization data to optimize the utility of in vitro testing strategies for human health risk assessment. This framework is intended to aid risk assessors in evaluating the relevance of data from in vitro tests and to optimize the development of new in vitro testing strategies. The initial stage frames the exposure scenarios of interest in advance of testing to incorporate aspects such as release points, route of exposure, biological and environmental transformations, dose metrics, and biological targets in subsequent stages.

Mammalian gastrointestinal tract parameters modulating the integrity, surface properties, and absorption of food-relevant nanomaterials.

Many natural chemicals in food are in the nanometer size range, and the selective uptake of nutrients with nanoscale dimensions by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a normal physiological process. Novel engineered nanomaterials (NMs) can bring various benefits to food, e.g.

Engineered Nanoscale Food Ingredients: Evaluation of Current Knowledge on Material Characteristics Relevant to Uptake from the Gastrointestinal Tract.

The NanoRelease Food Additive project developed a catalog to identify potential engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) used as ingredients, using various food-related databases. To avoid ongoing debate on defining the term nanomaterial, NanoRelease did not use any specific definition other than the ingredient is not naturally part of the food chain, and its dimensions are measured in the nanoscale. Potential nanomaterials were categorized based on physical similarity; analysis indicated that the range of ENMs declared as being in the food chain was limited.

A review and perspective of existing research on the release of nanomaterials from solid nanocomposites.

Advances in adding nanomaterials to various matrices have occurred in tandem with the identification of potential hazards associated with exposure to pure forms of nanomaterials. We searched multiple research publication databases and found that, relative to data generated on potential nanomaterial hazards or exposures, very little attention has focused on understanding the potential and conditions for release of nanomaterials from nanocomposites. However, as a prerequisite to exposure studying release is necessary to inform risk assessments.