Severe Discoloration of the Alveolar Bone Secondary to Long-Term Minocycline Therapy: A Case Report.

Minocycline, the synthetic derivative of the antibiotic tetracycline, has been used for a variety of medical treatments. One such use for minocycline is for acne vulgaris. Although widely used, minocycline has a common side effect of discoloration of tissues, including bone, skin, and mucosa.

Emission spectroscopy of negative hydrogen ion sources: From VUV to IR.

The target parameters of negative ion sources regarding the current of extracted negative ions, the current of co-extracted electrons, the pulse duration, the duty cycle, and the availability of the system can be rather strict. Knowledge of plasma parameters such as the electron temperature and the electron density and also properties of molecules or photon fluxes can provide essential insights into the ion source physics needed for reaching the target parameters. Emission spectroscopy is a non-invasive tool enabling access to line-of-sight averaged values of plasma parameters.

RDH10 function is necessary for spontaneous fetal mouth movement that facilitates palate shelf elevation.

Cleft palate is a common birth defect, occurring in approximately 1 in 1000 live births worldwide. Known etiological mechanisms of cleft palate include defects within developing palate shelf tissues, defects in mandibular growth and defects in spontaneous fetal mouth movement. Until now, experimental studies directly documenting fetal mouth immobility as an underlying cause of cleft palate have been limited to models lacking neurotransmission.

RDH10-mediated retinol metabolism and RARα-mediated retinoic acid signaling are required for submandibular salivary gland initiation.

In mammals, the epithelial tissues of major salivary glands generate saliva and drain it into the oral cavity. For submandibular salivary glands (SMGs), the epithelial tissues arise during embryogenesis from naïve oral ectoderm adjacent to the base of the tongue, which begins to thicken, express SOX9 and invaginate into underlying mesenchyme. The developmental mechanisms initiating salivary gland development remain unexplored.