The Effect of Antisolvent Treatment on the Growth of 2D/3D Tin Perovskite Films for Solar Cells.

Antisolvent treatment is used in the fabrication of perovskite films to control grain growth during spin coating. We study widely incorporated aromatic hydrocarbons and aprotic ethers, discussing the origin of their performance differences in 2D/3D Sn perovskite (PEAFASnI) solar cells. Among the antisolvents that we screen, diisopropyl ether yields the highest power conversion efficiency in solar cells.

The role of expectancy in Pavlovian conditioning.

A review of Pavlovian conditioning in animals and humans reveals a critical role for expectancy in the learning of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US), as well as in the expression of this association in a conditioned response (CR). The automatic and involuntary nature of CRs has traditionally been explained in terms of the formation of excitatory or inhibitory links between representations of the CS and US. However, this view has difficulty accounting for the variety of CRs that are observed, some qualitatively different from those elicited by the US, depending on the imminence of the predicted US and the nature of the CS.

Liver transplantation for critically ill patients with acute on chronic liver failure: a prospective national programme of waitlist prioritisation.

Background: Acute on Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF) complicates chronic liver disease (CLD) combining rapidly progressive hepatic with extra-hepatic multiple organ failure and high short-term mortality. Effective therapeutic options are very limited, and liver transplantation (LT) seldom utilised through concerns of high recipient mortality and resource use. Retrospective reports suggest recent outcomes may have improved, but use of LT for ACLF has not been prospectively assessed.

The role of uncertainty in regulating associative change.

Rescorla (2000, 2001) interpreted his compound test results to show that both common and individual error terms regulate associative change such that the element of a conditioned compound with the greater prediction error undergoes greater associative change than the one with the smaller prediction error. However, it has recently been suggested that uncertainty, not prediction error, is the primary determinant of associative change in people (Spicer et al., 2020, 2022).