Results from the Radiation Assessment Detector on the International Space Station: Part 3, combined results from the CPD and FND.

The energetic particle radiation environment on the International Space Station (ISS) includes both charged and neutral particles. Here, we make use of the unique capabilities of the Radiation Assessment Detector (ISS-RAD) to measure both of these components simultaneously. The Charged Particle Detector (CPD) is, despite its name, capable of measuring neutrons in the energy range from about 4 MeV to a few hundred MeV.

Future Exploration of the Outer Heliosphere and Very Local Interstellar Medium by Interstellar Probe.

A detailed overview of the knowledge gaps in our understanding of the heliospheric interaction with the largely unexplored Very Local Interstellar Medium (VLISM) are provided along with predictions of with the scientific discoveries that await. The new measurements required to make progress in this expanding frontier of space physics are discussed and include in-situ plasma and pick-up ion measurements throughout the heliosheath, direct sampling of the VLISM properties such as elemental and isotopic composition, densities, flows, and temperatures of neutral gas, dust and plasma, and remote energetic neutral atom (ENA) and Lyman-alpha (LYA) imaging from vantage points that can uniquely discern the heliospheric shape and bring new information on the interaction with interstellar hydrogen. The implementation of a pragmatic Interstellar Probe mission with a nominal design life to reach 375 Astronomical Units (au) with likely operation out to 550 au are reported as a result of a 4-year NASA funded mission study.

Calculation of dose distribution in a realistic brain structure and the indication of space radiation influence on human brains.

One of the most important steps in the near-future space age will be a crew mission returning to the Moon and even a manned mission to Mars. Unfortunately, such a mission will expose astronauts to unavoidable cosmic radiation in deep space and on the Martian or lunar surface. Thus, a better understanding of the radiation environment for such a mission and the consequent biological impacts on humans, in particular the human brains, is critical.

An easy-to-use function to assess deep space radiation in human brains.

Health risks from radiation exposure in space are an important factor for astronauts' safety as they venture on long-duration missions to the Moon or Mars. It is important to assess the radiation level inside the human brain to evaluate the possible hazardous effects on the central nervous system especially during solar energetic particle (SEP) events. We use a realistic model of the head/brain structure and calculate the radiation deposit therein by realistic SEP events, also under various shielding scenarios.

First measurements of the radiation dose on the lunar surface.

Human exploration of the Moon is associated with substantial risks to astronauts from space radiation. On the surface of the Moon, this consists of the chronic exposure to galactic cosmic rays and sporadic solar particle events. The interaction of this radiation field with the lunar soil leads to a third component that consists of neutral particles, i.