"[Culture] Makes Each Country Unique, It's Kind of like a Trademark." Empirical Results on Students' Perceptions of Culture and Space as Learning Prerequisite for Geography Lessons.

Students' everyday perceptions of culture and space have a significant impact on their social coexistence and should, therefore, be considered in geography lessons. The or is often negatively assessed. This perception is based on an essentialist understanding of cultural space but is inappropriate for a culturally diverse world.

Perceived Target Range Shapes Human Sound-Localization Behavior.

The auditory system relies on binaural differences and spectral pinna cues to localize sounds in azimuth and elevation. However, the acoustic input can be unreliable, due to uncertainty about the environment, and neural noise. A possible strategy to reduce sound-location uncertainty is to integrate the sensory observations with sensorimotor information from previous experience, to infer where sounds are more likely to occur.

Accuracy-Precision Trade-off in Human Sound Localisation.

Sensory representations are typically endowed with intrinsic noise, leading to variability and inaccuracies in perceptual responses. The Bayesian framework accounts for an optimal strategy to deal with sensory-motor uncertainty, by combining the noisy sensory input with prior information regarding the distribution of stimulus properties. The maximum-a-posteriori (MAP) estimate selects the perceptual response from the peak (mode) of the resulting posterior distribution that ensure optimal accuracy-precision trade-off when the underlying distributions are Gaussians (minimal mean-squared error, with minimum response variability).

Testing the Precedence Effect in the Median Plane Reveals Backward Spatial Masking of Sound.

Two synchronous sounds at different locations in the midsagittal plane induce a fused percept at a weighted-average position, with weights depending on relative sound intensities. In the horizontal plane, sound fusion (stereophony) disappears with a small onset asynchrony of 1-4 ms. The leading sound then fully determines the spatial percept (the precedence effect).