Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol as markers of cannabis use in urinary drug testing.

With some exceptions, California Assembly Bill 2188 will preclude the use of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (Δ9-THC-COOH) as a marker of cannabis use in urinary workplace drug testing. The bill allows for the use of psychoactive cannabis markers, which include Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and the metabolite 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-Δ9-THC). Both analytes are present in urine mainly as conjugated metabolites and will require hydrolysis prior to analysis, but very little is known about expected concentrations in urine.

Cannabinoid Content and Label Accuracy of Various Hemp-Derived Haircare, Cosmetic, and Edible Products Available at Retail Stores and Online in the United States.

To evaluate the label accuracy and content of various hemp-derived cannabidiol (CBD) products (cannabinoid products with ≤0.3% Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]), as well as evaluate advertised claims on product labels. Hemp haircare, cosmetics, and food/drink products that were advertised to contain CBD were purchased from retail stores in the Baltimore, Maryland area (purchased in July 2020) and online (purchased in August 2020).

Stability of Nano-Emulsified Cannabidiol in Acidic Foods and Beverages.

Food and beverage products containing cannabidiol (CBD) is a growing industry, but some CBD products contain Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-THC), despite being labeled as "THC-free". As CBD can convert to Δ-THC under acidic conditions, a potential cause is the formation of Δ-THC during storage of acidic CBD products. In this study, we investigated if acidic products (pH ≤ 4) fortified with CBD would facilitate conversion to THC over a 2-15-month time period.

Fentanyl as a marker of illicit drug use in morphine-positive urine specimens from workplace drug testing.

Total morphine is an important urinary marker of heroin use but can also be present from prescriptions or poppy seed ingestion. In specimens with morphine concentrations consistent with poppy seed ingestion (<4,000 ng/mL), 6-acetylmorphine has served as an important marker of illicit drug use. However, as illicit fentanyl has become increasingly prevalent as a contaminant in the drug supply, fentanyl might be an alternative marker of illicit opioid use instead of or in combination with 6-acetylmorphine.