A Novel Anesthetic Technique for PEVAR.

Background: Percutaneous endovascular aneurysm repair (PEVAR) continues to evolve. Device profiles continue to decline, further reducing the physiological insult of the procedure. Anesthesia, however, has not evolved with a large proportion of patients continuing to receive general anesthesia for their increasingly less invasive procedures.

Measurement of p-nitrophenol in the urine of residents whose homes were contaminated with methyl parathion.

During the last several years, illegal commercial application of methyl parathion (MP) in domestic settings in several U.S. Southeastern and Midwestern States has affected largely inner-city residents.

Review of assumptions and problems in the appropriate conceptualization of effect size.

Estimation of the effect size parameter, D, the standardized difference between population means, is sensitive to heterogeneity of variance (heteroscedasticity), which seems to abound in psychological data. Pooling s2s assumes homoscedasticity, as do methods for constructing a confidence interval for D, estimating D from t or analysis of variance results, formulas that adjust estimates for inflation by main effects or covariates, and the Q statistic. The common language effect size statistic as an estimate of Pr(X1 > X2), the probability that a randomly sampled member of Population 1 will outscore a randomly sampled member of Population 2, also assumes normality and homoscedasticity.

Heterogeneity of variance in clinical data.

Traditional parametric (t, F) and nonparametric (Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon U, Kruskal-Wallis H) statistics are sensitive to heterogeneity of variance (heteroscedasticity). Moreover, there are theoretical reasons to expect, and empirical results to document, the existence of heteroscedasticity in clinical data. Transformations to reduce heteroscedasticity are problematic.

The magical number .7 +/- .2: meta-meta-analysis of the probability of superior outcome in comparisons involving therapy, placebo, and control.

The "probability of superiority estimate" (PS) estimates the probability that a randomly sampled client from a population given a treatment will have an outcome that is superior to that of a randomly sampled client from a population given another treatment. The meta-analytic clinical outcome literature was examined to calculate mean PS (PS) for comparisons involving therapy versus control, therapy versus placebo, therapy versus therapy, and placebo versus control. The range of PS was found to be approximately .