Bees remain heat tolerant after acute exposure to desiccation and starvation.

Organisms may simultaneously face thermal, desiccation and nutritional stress under climate change. Understanding the effects arising from the interactions among these stressors is relevant for predicting organisms' responses to climate change and for developing effective conservation strategies. Using both dynamic and static protocols, we assessed for the first time how sublethal desiccation exposure (at 16.

Droplet coalescence and phase separation in a topical ointment: Effects of fluid shear and temperature.

The physical stability of a prototypical pharmaceutical topical ointment, consisting primarily of an emulsion of propylene glycol droplets dispersed in a continuous white petrolatum medium, was studied with regard to droplet size growth and phase separation when the ointment undergoes heating or fluid shear. To investigate the effects of shear, the ointment at 32 °C was sheared using a transparent, narrow-gap, temperature-controlled Taylor-Couette flow apparatus operated under laminar flow conditions which provided approximately uniform shear rates. Optical methods based on microscopy were used to obtain in-situ, time-dependent propylene glycol droplet size distributions, while a wide-field lens and camera were simultaneously used to detect gross phase separation as the ointment was sheared.

Innovative Cold Atmospheric Plasma (iCAP) Decreases Mucopurulent Corneal Ulcer Formation and Edema and Reduces Bacterial Load in Keratitis.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of application of 3% air in helium cold atmospheric plasma jet, using an inexpensive device termed iCAP, in corneal scratch wound closure and the treatment of () keratitis .

Methods: Thermal imaging to measure temperature of surfaces to which iCAP was applied and UV energy density delivered by iCAP were measured. Scratch wounds inflicted on cultures of a human corneal epithelial cell line were treated with iCAP and wound widths at various times post-application were measured.

Simulation of algal photobioreactors: recent developments and challenges.

Widespread cultivation of phototrophic microalgae for sustainable production of a variety of renewable products, for wastewater treatment, and for atmospheric carbon mitigation requires not only improved microorganisms but also significant improvements to process design and scaleup. The development of simulation tools capable of providing quantitative predictions for photobioreactor performance could contribute to improved reactor designs and it could also support process scaleup, as it has in the traditional petro-chemical industries. However, the complicated dependence of cell function on conditions in the microenvironment, such as light availability, temperature, nutrient concentration, and shear strain rate render simulation of photobioreactors much more difficult than chemical reactors.

Multiphysics simulation of algal growth in an airlift photobioreactor: Effects of fluid mixing and shear stress.

A multiphysics model has been developed to predict the effects of fluid mixing and shear stress on microalgal growth in an airlift photobioreactor. The model integrates multiphase flow dynamics, radiation transport, shear stress, and algal growth kinetics using an Eulerian approach. The model is first validated by comparing its predictions with experimental data, and then the radiation transport and algal growth kinetics submodels are added to predict biomass accumulation under different flow conditions.