Topographical anatomy of the left ventricular summit: implications for invasive procedures.

Background: Recent clinical reports have emphasized the clinical significance of the left ventricular summit (LVS), a specific triangular epicardial area, as the source of ventricular arrhythmias where radiofrequency ablation is of great difficulty.

Materials And Methods: The macroscopic morphology of the LVS has been assessed in 80 autopsied and 48 angio-computed tomography (CT) human hearts. According to Yamada's equation, the size was calculated based on the distance to the first, most prominent septal perforator.

Gross anatomic relationship between the human left atrial appendage and the left ventricular summit region: implications for catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias originating from the left ventricular summit.

Purpose: The left ventricular summit (LVS) is a source of difficult-to-treat arrhythmias because of anatomical limitations. The aim of this study was to perform detailed research of the left atrial appendage (LAA) anatomy of cadaveric hearts to analyze their complex anatomy and coverage of the LVS.

Methods And Results: Eighty human formalin fixed hearts (mean age 44.

Organisation of connections between the zona incerta and the interposed nucleus.

We have examined the organisation of connections between the zona incerta (ZI), a small diencephalic nucleus deriving from the ventral thalamus, and the interposed nucleus (Int) of the cerebellum. Injections of the tracer cholera toxin subunit B were made into either the ZI or Int of Sprague Dawley rats by using stereotaxic coordinates. We have two major findings.