The AIDS Epidemic Model 2023 for Estimating HIV Trends and Transmission Dynamics in Asian Epidemic Settings.

Background: Thirteen Asian countries use the AIDS Epidemic Model (AEM) as their HIV model of choice. This article describes AEM, its inputs, and its application to national modeling.

Setting: AEM is an incidence tool used by Spectrum for the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS global estimates process.

Ochratoxin A Contamination of California Pistachios and Identification of Causal Agents.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent mycotoxin produced by and spp., which contaminates many crops, including pistachios. Pistachios contaminated with OTA may be subjected to border rejections resulting in significant economic losses to the United States agricultural revenues.

Sporulation and Dispersal of the Biological Control Agent AF36 Under Field Conditions.

Aflatoxins are carcinogens produced by the fungi and that contaminate pistachio crops. International markets reject pistachio when aflatoxins exceed permitted maximum levels. Releasing the atoxigenic strain AF36 of is the leading aflatoxin pre-harvest control method.

Pistachio Male Inflorescences as an Alternative Substrate for the Application of Atoxigenic Strains of .

Aflatoxins are carcinogens mainly produced by and in susceptible crops, including pistachio. The primary inoculum sources of these pathogens are plant debris in the orchard soils. In Californian fields, one approach to controlling aflatoxin contamination is based on releasing the atoxigenic strain of AF36 in inoculated (coated) sorghum grains (AF36 Prevail).