SMC motor proteins extrude DNA asymmetrically and can switch directions.

Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complexes organize the genome via DNA loop extrusion. Although some SMCs were reported to do so symmetrically, reeling DNA from both sides into the extruded DNA loop simultaneously, others perform loop extrusion asymmetrically toward one direction only. The mechanism underlying this variability remains unclear.

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-α is necessary for high fat diet-induced pancreatic β-cell mass expansion and metabolic compensations.

Aims: This study investigates the role of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α (HNF4α) in the adaptation of pancreatic β-cells to an HFD-induced obesogenic environment, focusing on β cell mass expansion and metabolic adaptations.

Main Methods: We utilized an HNF4α knockout (KO) mouse model, with CRE-recombinase enzyme activation confirmed through tamoxifen administration. KO and Control (CTL) mice were fed an HFD for 20 weeks.

All eukaryotic SMC proteins induce a twist of -0.6 at each DNA loop extrusion step.

Eukaryotes carry three types of structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) protein complexes, condensin, cohesin, and SMC5/6, which are ATP-dependent motor proteins that remodel the genome via DNA loop extrusion (LE). SMCs modulate DNA supercoiling but remains incompletely understood how this is achieved. Using a single-molecule magnetic tweezers assay that directly measures how much twist is induced by individual SMCs in each LE step, we demonstrate that all three SMC complexes induce the same large negative twist (i.

Implementation of Electronic Medical Record Interventions to Maximize Opioid Disposal after Surgery in Routine Clinical Practice.

Background: Despite guideline directed opioid prescribing after surgery, many patients retain excess opioids. Leftover pills increase the risk for misuse, diversion, and dependency. It is unclear whether interventions applied in routine clinical practice can increase excess opioid disposal rates.