Four new species of Arixyleborus Hopkins, 1915, ambrosia beetles from Thailand (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini).

Four new species, Arixyleborus halabala Sittichaya, Beaver & Smith sp. nov., Arixyleborus longicauda Sittichaya, Beaver & Smith sp.

A new species of Micrapate (Insecta: Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) from Brazil, with a key to Brazilian species.

Micrapate spinula Liu, sp. nov., is described from the cerrado savanna biome of Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul and Minas Gerais), together with information on its biology and natural enemies.

Antibiotic use and risk of Clostridioides difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Background And Aim: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) compared with those without IBD, which is worsened with antibiotic usage. While prior studies have shown a correlation between CDI development and certain classes of antibiotics, the IBD population has not been well represented. This study evaluates the rates of CDI with outpatient antibiotic use in patients with IBD.

Microbial ecology of the deep terrestrial subsurface.

The terrestrial subsurface hosts microbial communities that, collectively, are predicted to comprise as many microbial cells as global surface soils. Although initially thought to be associated with deposited organic matter, deep subsurface microbial communities are supported by chemolithoautotrophic primary production, with hydrogen serving as an important source of electrons. Despite recent progress, relatively little is known about the deep terrestrial subsurface compared to more commonly studied environments.