Interferon-gamma producing CD4 T cells quantified by flow cytometry as early markers for Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle.

Current diagnostic methods for Johne's disease in cattle allow reliable detection of infections with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) not before animals are 2 years of age. Applying a flow cytometry-based approach (FCA) to quantify a MAP-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) response in T cell subsets, the present study sought to monitor the kinetics of the cell-mediated immune response in experimentally infected calves.

Repeated Occurrence of Mobile Colistin Resistance Gene-Carrying Plasmids in Pathogenic from German Pig Farms.

The global spread of plasmid-mediated mobile colistin resistance () genes threatens the vital role of colistin as a drug of last resort. We investigated whether the recurrent occurrence of specific pathotypes and plasmids in individual pig farms resulted from the continued presence or repeated reintroduction of distinct strains. isolates ( = 154) obtained from three pig farms with at least four consecutive years of detection positive for virulence-associated genes (VAGs) predicting an intestinal pathogenic pathotype via polymerase chain reaction were analyzed.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 modifies the protein composition of extracellular vesicles to promote neurite outgrowth and neuroinfection.

The highly prevalent herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) causes a range of diseases, including cold sores, blinding keratitis, and life-threatening encephalitis. HSV-1 initially replicates in epithelial cells, enters the peripheral nervous system via neurites, and establishes lifelong infection in the neuronal cell bodies. Neurites are highly dynamic structures that grow or retract in response to attractive or repulsive cues, respectively.

Cross-sectional study: prevalence of oedema disease Escherichia coli (EDEC) in weaned piglets in Germany at pen and farm levels.

Background: Escherichia coli bacteria capable of producing the toxin Stx2e and possessing F18-fimbriae (edema disease E. coli, EDEC) are considered causative agents of porcine oedema disease. This disease, which usually occurs in piglets shortly after weaning, has a high lethality in affected animals and can lead to high economic losses in piglet rearing.

Molecular Features and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of ssp. Isolates from Strangles Cases in Indonesia.

Strangles, caused by ssp. (), is a highly infectious and frequent disease of equines worldwide. No data are available regarding the molecular epidemiology of strangles in Indonesia.