Relapse and failure rates between CAD/CAM and conventional fixed retainers: a 2-year follow-up of a randomized controlled clinical trial.

Background: Retention has been always considered a major challenge in orthodontics. Recently computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) fixed retainers (FRs) have been introduced as a marked development in retainer technology, offering potential advantages.

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the differences in relapse and failure rates in patients treated with FRs using CAD/CAM technology, lab-based technique, and chairside method.

Multiple NTS neuron populations cumulatively suppress food intake.

Several discrete groups of feeding-regulated neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (; NTS) suppress food intake, including avoidance-promoting neurons that express (NTS cells) and distinct - and -expressing neurons (NTS and NTS cells, respectively) that suppress food intake without promoting avoidance. To test potential synergies among these cell groups, we manipulated multiple NTS cell populations simultaneously. We found that activating multiple sets of NTS neurons (e.

Behavioral dissection of hunger states in .

Hunger is a motivational drive that promotes feeding, and it can be generated by the physiological need to consume nutrients as well as the hedonic properties of food. Brain circuits and mechanisms that regulate feeding have been described, but which of these contribute to the generation of motive forces that drive feeding is unclear. Here, we describe our first efforts at behaviorally and neuronally distinguishing hedonic from homeostatic hunger states in and propose that this system can be used as a model to dissect the molecular mechanisms that underlie feeding motivation.