How to develop a comprehensive Mangrove Quality Index?

Currently, the available indices to measure mangrove health are not comprehensive. An integrative ecological-socio economic index could give a better picture of the mangrove ecosystem health. This method explored all key biological, hydrological, ecological and socio-economic variables to form a comprehensive mangrove quality index.

Multiple opiate receptor subtypes are involved in the stimulation of growth hormone release by beta-endorphin in female rats.

The growth hormone (GH) secretory response to beta-endorphin and the involvement of opiate receptor subtypes in this response were determined in diestrous female rats. The involvement of the mu (mu), delta (delta) and/or kappa (kappa) site was determined by administering specific antagonists for each of these sites prior to beta-endorphin. beta-Funaltrexamine (1 or 5 micrograms) was administered to block mu sites, ICI 154,129 (5 or 25 micrograms) blocked delta sites and nor-binaltorphimine (8 micrograms) blocked kappa sites.

Opiate receptor subtype involvement in the stimulation of prolactin release by beta-endorphin in female rats.

The prolactin secretory response to beta-endorphin and the involvement of opiate receptor subtypes in this response was determined in both diestrous and postpartum, lactating female rats. The involvement of the mu-, delta- and/or kappa-site was determined by administering specific antagonists for each of these sites prior to beta-endorphin. beta-Funaltrexamine (beta-FNA, 1 or 5 micrograms) was administered to block mu-sites, ICI 154,129 (5, 10 or 25 micrograms) blocked delta-sites and nor-binaltorphimine (norBNI, 8 micrograms) blocked kappa-sites.

Aerial adulticiding for the suppression of Culex tarsalis in Kern County, California, using low volume propoxur: 2. Impact on natural populations in foothill and valley habitats.

A low volume formulation of propoxur wettable powder suspended in larvicidal oil was evaluated on 4 occasions in Kern Co., California during 1983 using fixed and rotary wing aerial application systems. Culex tarsalis abundance was suppressed significantly by all sprays, although reduction below the virus maintenance threshold of 30 females per trap night was achieved only at one foothill site.

Aerial adulticiding for the suppression of Culex tarsalis in Kern County, California, using low-volume propoxur: 1. Selection and evaluation of the application system.

Propoxur applied aerially at 4.7 liters/ha was an effective adulticide against organophosphate resistant Culex tarsalis. Applications by fixed-wing and helicopter underslung spray systems equipped with hydraulic nozzles provided good coverage of test areas as indicated by the mortality patterns of sentinel mosquitoes.