The configuration of cervical spinous processes in black and white South African skeletal samples.

The present study investigates the frequency of bifidity/nonbifidity in the black and white South African populations. Four-hundred skeletons of known race, sex, and tribal group were examined. Spinous processes were classified as bifid (bifurcate and cleft subtypes) and nonbifid (obtuse, pediculate, acinate, and clavate subtypes).

Variations of the pubic vascular anastomoses in black South Africans.

Variations of the arterial and venous pubic anastomoses (APA, VPA) were studied. Forty-four percent of the APA were replaced by an obturator artery arising from the inferior epigastric and 25% by an obturator artery arising from the external iliac. Seven percent of the VPA were replaced by a single obturator vein, 37% by the superior companion of a double obturator vein, and 2% by a double obturator vein.

Incidence of the coracoclavicular joint in South African populations.

The presence of a diarthrotic coracoclavicular joint, as represented by an articular facet on the conoid tubercle of the clavicle and the superior surface of the coracoid process of the scapula, was investigated. The sample consisted of 60 white and 180 black South African (60 Sotho, 60 Xhosa and 60 Zulu) skeletons. Each group consisted of 30 male and 30 female skeletons.