Comparative evaluation of bite force in patients treated for unilateral mandibular condylar fractures by open and closed methods.

Background/aim: Condylar fractures account for a large proportion (20% to 52%) of mandibular injuries. The goal of treating these fractures is to restore the occlusion, thereby re-establishing the masticatory function as close as possible to the patient's pre-trauma state. The aim of this study was to compare the bite forces following unilateral condylar fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with those managed by the closed method.

Selection on the timing of adult emergence results in altered circadian clocks in fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster.

To investigate whether circadian clocks in fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster evolve as a consequence of selection on the timing of adult emergence, we raised four replicate populations each of early (early(1..4)) and late (late(1.