Local changes in potassium ions regulate input integration in active dendrites.

During neuronal activity, the extracellular concentration of potassium ions ([K+]o) increases substantially above resting levels, yet it remains unclear what role these [K+]o changes play in the dendritic integration of synaptic inputs. We here used mathematical formulations and biophysical modeling to explore the role of synaptic activity-dependent K+ changes in dendritic segments of a visual cortex pyramidal neuron, receiving inputs tuned to stimulus orientation. We found that the spatial arrangement of inputs dictates the magnitude of [K+]o changes in the dendrites: Dendritic segments receiving similarly tuned inputs can attain substantially higher [K+]o increases than segments receiving diversely tuned inputs.

Triage ethics in mass casualty incident simulation: A phenomenological exploration.

Background: Disaster scenarios challenge both novice and experienced nurses to navigate complex ethical dilemmas in resource-limited environments. Traditional nursing education often leaves new nurses unprepared for the ethical demands of disaster nursing. Utilitarianism must often guide triage ethics and decision-making.

Urologic Imaging of the Kidneys: Cancers and Mimics.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a growing problem in global oncology, with a steadily increasing incidence, especially in developed regions. Its different histologic subtypes present different challenges in diagnosis and management. Advanced imaging techniques have a crucial role in distinguishing between these subtypes by highlighting unique radiographic features such as exophytic growth patterns, cystic components, and enhancement patterns.

How I do it: MRI-guided stereotactic navigation for Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy.

Background: MR-guided stereotaxy has emerged as a viable alternative to CT-guided frame-based or frameless approaches. By offering direct MR-guided navigation, this technique addresses most limitations inherent to CT navigation, enabling submillimeter precision.

Method: We detail the workflow of using the ClearPoint® MR navigation system for laser catheter placement in the treatment of a hypothalamic hamartoma.