[Diabetes, from the Origins of the Problem to the Nobel Prize. Bioethics].

Analysis of scientific works from the creation of an experimental model of diabetes before discovery insulin was done. Emphasized is the priority of the Russian pathologist L. W.

[Ivan Solomonovich Beritashvili (1885-1974)--At the Origins of Cognitive Behaviorism].

Presents scientific creativity of I. S. Beritashvili in the cultural and historical aspect.

[Animal experiments and the major achievements in the history of biomedicine].

It is shown that major achievements in the history of biomedicine, obtained in experiments on animals: the discovery of blood circulation, the achievements of microbiology and development of the concept of immunity, the discovery of reflex and the doctrine of higher nervous activity, achievements of genetics, formation of modeling methods on animals and drug testing. It is stressed that the benefits for science and medicine, obtained through experimentation on animals, does not relieve scientists from responsibility.

[The system of assessment of the severity of ultrasound epilepsy in rats].

The method of induction of epileptic reactions in rats by ultrasound (24.3 kHz; 116dB) and the system of severity estimation of epileptic reaction was developed. Ultrasound--frequency above 20 kHz--absolutely silent for a person, may cause epileptic reaction in 3-9% of the rats.

[Bioethics and biomedical experiment evolution from Alkmaion to Pavlov. Dedicated to 160 years since I.P. Pavlov's birthday].

Ethic aspects of biomedical experiment evolution from Alkmaion to Pavlov, are analysed. The history of reflexes in the paradigm of mechanitsism and antropomorphism is reinterpreted. It is emphasized that animal life and their behaviour exceed the bounds of mechanitsizm.