[Retrograde colangiopancreatography (RCG) and endoscopic papillosphincterography (EPG) in new scheme of endosurgical strategy of treatment of cholecystitis accompanied by bilirubinemia].

The article is devoted to the substantiation of strategy changes in acute cholecystitis and the bilirubinemia of obscure etiology. At the first stage the treatment was started from RCG in 120 patients and RCG with EPG in 232 patients. The results obtained were not very good, there being many organizational problems.

[Defensins in the honeybee antinfectious protection].

Specific conditions of the honeybee life honeybee life require the presence of effective mechanisms of antiinfectious protection whose one of the most important components are defensins--the family of antimicrobial peptides. In the honeybee, defensins are present in the form of two different peptides--defensin 1 and 2 that are similar between each other only by 55.8 %.

[Local honeybee (Apis mellifera mellifera L.) populations in the Urals].

The COI-COII intergenic region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was studied in local honeybee (Apis mellifera mellifera) L. populations from the Middle and Southern Urals. Analysis of bee colonies in these regions revealed apiaries enriched in families descending from A.