Seeking under threat of adversity: assessing control over reward pursuit in rats.

Rationale: Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic relapsing brain disorder that is characterised by loss of control over substance use. A variety of rodent models employing punishment setups have been developed to assess loss of control over substance use, i.e.

Policy Actions Required to Improve Nutrition for Brain Health.

Brain health is a pressing global concern. Poor diet quality is a recognized major environmental risk factor for brain disorders and one of the few that is modifiable. There is substantial evidence that nutrition impacts brain development and brain health across the life course.

Nucleus accumbens D1- and D2-expressing neurons control the balance between feeding and activity-mediated energy expenditure.

Accumulating evidence points to dysregulations of the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) in eating disorders (ED), however its precise contribution to ED symptomatic dimensions remains unclear. Using chemogenetic manipulations in male mice, we found that activity of dopamine D1 receptor-expressing neurons of the NAc core subregion facilitated effort for a food reward as well as voluntary exercise, but decreased food intake, while D2-expressing neurons have opposite effects. These effects are congruent with D2-neurons being more active than D1-neurons during feeding while it is the opposite during running.

The Role of Pelvic Ultrasound in Evaluating the Success of Tension-free Vaginal Tape (TVT).

Objectives: This study aims to assess the lack of response to treatment in individuals undergoing mid-urethral sling surgery for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) using ultrasound findings of the pelvic floor.

Methods: The study included patients who underwent the tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure for stress urinary incontinence within the period spanning from January 2016 to January 2021. The physical examination involved maintaining bladder filling at an average volume of 200-400 mL, and treatment failure was determined by the presence of SUI during the Valsalva maneuver.