Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: experience at a tertiary level hospital.

Background: Cholecystectomy is the most frequently performed abdominal operation and currently laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is considered gold standard being performed in 90% cases of symptomatic gallstones in USA since 1992. The aim of the study was to determine results obtained with LC at our setup.

Methods: This observational case series study was conducted in department of General Surgery, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, from August 2009 to August 2011.

Unusual causes of secondary varicose veins.

Background: Varicose veins are among the most common ailments of the affluent nations. Primarily it is considered to be caused by valvular dysfunctions, but it may be secondary to other pathologies. This study was conducted to evaluate the unusual secondary causes of varicose veins.