Directions in psychoanalysis.

This article is intended to familiarize the general practitioner with the important concepts in the practice of psychoanalysis. It provides an overview of the development of the field of psychoanalysis, considering it as theory of personality, as an explanation of psychopathology, and as a research procedure. It also explores psychoanalysis as a method of treatment and presents an outline of the knowledge and training necessary to become a psychoanalyst.

Bias in the use of standard American norms with Spanish translations of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised.

Although most clinicians would readily agree that there is a need for Spanish translations and normative samples of major psychological tests because of the large number of individuals within the United States whose primary language is Spanish, there are in fact few well normed tests applicable to the Spanish-speaking client in the U.S. As a result, many clinicians administer cognitive tests normed on English-speaking American populations translated into Spanish, then interpret the test results using the standard American norms.

The effect of administration method: a comparison of the Rapaport and Exner Rorschach systems.

This study compared two Rorschach administration methods across a number of test variables. With a within-subjects, counter-balanced design, 20 female subjects randomly received either an initial Rapaport (Rapaport, Gill, & Schafer, 1968) or an Exner (Exner, 1974, 1986) Rorschach administration. Results showed that the Exner administration produced significantly more Color (C), Shading (Shd), and Blend (B) responses than did the Rapaport administration.