Reimagining the meninges from a neuroimmune perspective: a boundary, but not peripheral.

Recent advances in neuroscience have transformed our understanding of the meninges, the layers surrounding the central nervous system (CNS). Two key findings have advanced our understanding: researchers identified cranial bone marrow as a reservoir for meningeal immune cells, and rediscovered a brain lymphatic system. Once viewed merely as a protective barrier, the meninges are now recognized as a dynamic interface crucial for neuroimmune interactions.

Liver Stiffness Measurement is Useful in Predicting Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among Nonalcohol Fatty Liver Disease Patients.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are closely related conditions.

Aim: This study investigated a group of individuals with NAFLD to evaluate if liver fibrosis, identified by FibroScan, correlated with T2DM.

Methods: 154 NAFLD patients obtained FibroScan, liver ultrasonography (US), and a thorough assessment of clinical implications and chemical biomarkers.

Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate neuro-immunothrombosis.

Neutrophil extracellular traps are primarily composed of DNA and histones and are released by neutrophils to promote inflammation and thrombosis when stimulated by various inflammatory reactions. Neutrophil extracellular trap formation occurs through lytic and non-lytic pathways that can be further classified by formation mechanisms. Histones, von Willebrand factor, fibrin, and many other factors participate in the interplay between inflammation and thrombosis.

Clinical Classification of Obesity and Implications for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Treatment.

Obesity,and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) have reached epidemic proportions globally. Obesity and MAFLD frequently coexist and act synergistically to increase the risk of adverse clinical outcomes (both hepatic and extrahepatic). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most important risk factor for rapid progression of steatohepatitis and advanced fibrosis.

Inhibition of neutrophil extracellular trap formation ameliorates neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis via STING-dependent IRE1α/ASK1/JNK signaling pathway in mice with traumatic brain injury.

Background: Neuroinflammation is one of the most important pathogeneses in secondary brain injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) forming neutrophils were found throughout the brain tissue of TBI patients and elevated plasma NET biomarkers correlated with worse outcomes. However, the biological function and underlying mechanisms of NETs in TBI-induced neural damage are not yet fully understood.

FIB-4 is closer to FibroScan screen results to detecting advanced liver fibrosis and maybe facilitates NAFLD warning.

To assess the relationship between clinical biochemical characteristics and steatosis or fibrosis by Fibroscan in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients in order to seek the simple effective screening method closed to the results of the fibroScan measurement. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 188 patients with NAFLD who underwent FibroScan examinations. Demographic data and clinical biochemical characteristics were collected and analyzed.

Neutrophil extracellular traps aggravate neuronal endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis via TLR9 after traumatic brain injury.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ER stress-mediated apoptosis play an important role during secondary brain damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Increased neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation has been demonstrated to be associated with neurological damage after TBI. However, the correlation between ER stress and NETs remains unclear, and the specific function of NETs in neurons has not been defined.

Activation of Sigma-1 Receptor Alleviates ER-Associated Cell Death and Microglia Activation in Traumatically Injured Mice.

Background: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) is associated with neuroinflammation and subsequent cell death following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) acts as a dynamic pluripotent modulator of fundamental cellular processes at the mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). The activation of Sig-1R is neuroprotective in a variety of central nervous system diseases, but its impact on ER stress induced by traumatic brain injury is not known.

Role of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles in traumatic brain injury-induced coagulopathy and inflammation.

Extracellular vesicles are composed of fragments of exfoliated plasma membrane, organelles or nuclei and are released after cell activation, apoptosis or destruction. Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles are the most abundant type of extracellular vesicle in the blood of patients with traumatic brain injury. Accumulated laboratory and clinical evidence shows that platelet-derived extracellular vesicles play an important role in coagulopathy and inflammation after traumatic brain injury.

Diagnosis and prognosis potential of four gene promoter hypermethylation in prostate cancer.

The current prostate special antigen (PSA) test causes the overtreatment of indolent prostate cancer (PCa). It also increases the risk of delayed treatment of aggressive PCa. DNA methylation aberrations are important events for gene expression dysregulation during tumorigenesis and have been suggested as novel candidate biomarkers for PCa.

PAR-2 promotes invasion and migration of esophageal cancer cells by activating MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) has been demonstrated to promote invasion and metastasis of certain cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which PAR-2 regulated invasion and migration of esophageal cancer (EC) cells EC109. A successfully constructed PAR-2 shRNA lentiviral vector (Lenti-PAR-2 shRNA) was stably transfected into EC109 cells, and the expression of PAR-2 in infected cells was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting.

Sex Differences in the Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Nonvascular Cognitive Function in Rural, Low-Income Elderly in Tianjin, China.

Background: At the global level, dementia is the leading cause of dependence and disability among the elderly. Although the preponderant prevalence in women has been identified, the sex differences in risk factors were unclear. We aimed to evaluate the sex differences in the prevalence of nonvascular cognitive impairment and the risk factors among the elderly in rural China screened with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE).

Effects of SDF-1/CXCR4 on the Repair of Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats by Mediating Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Our study aims to investigate the effects of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis on the repair of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats by mediating bone marrow derived from mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Healthy male SD rats were collected, their tibiofibulars were removed, cultured, and BMSCs were collected. The expression of cell-surface molecular proteins was examined using flow cytometry.

Overexpressed MALAT1 promotes invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells via increasing EGFL7 expression.

Objective: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to participate in various cancers. Here, the role and its potential mechanism of MALAT1 in invasion and migration of gastric cancer (GC) were investigated.

Methods: Gastric adenocarcinoma tissues and matched normal adjacent tissues were isolated from 25 patients with GC.

Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus stimulation reduces intestinal injury in rats with ulcerative colitis.

Aim: To investigate the effect and mechanism of stimulation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus with glutamate acid in rats with ulcerative colitis (UC).

Methods: The rats were anesthetized with 10% chloral hydrate via abdominal injection and treated with an equal volume of TNBS + 50% ethanol enema, injected into the upper section of the anus with the tail facing up. Colonic damage scores were calculated after injecting a certain dose of glutamic acid into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and the effect of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and vagus nerve in alleviating UC injury through chemical stimulation of the PVN was observed in rats.

MiR-506 suppresses cell proliferation and tumor growth by targeting Rho-associated protein kinase 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Recent studies have shown that miR-506 plays important roles in human cancer progression. However, little is known about the function of miR-506 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we found that miR-506 significantly inhibits HCC cell proliferation in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo.

Protective effects of BDNF overexpression bone marrow stromal cell transplantation in rat models of traumatic brain injury.

Bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) were used as cell therapy for various diseases in recent years. Some reports showed that transplanted MSCs promote functional recovery in animal models of brain trauma. But other studies indicate that tissue replacement by this method may not be the main source of therapeutic benefit.

Treatment of injured neurons with bone marrow stem cells cotransfected by hTERT and Ad-BDNF in vitro.

The purpose of this paper is to study the anti-injury effect of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) transfected by human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and adenovirous brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Ad-BDNF) in injured neurons. Rat injured neurons were induced in vitro and then cocultured with rBMSCs transfected by hTERT and Ad-BDNF. The anti-injury effect of rBMSCs transfected by hTERT and Ad-BDNF was detected by Western blot for neural apoptosis gene MAP2 and NF-kappaB and lactic dehydrogenase released by injured neurons.

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway plays an important role in chemoresistance of gastric cancer cells against etoposide and doxorubicin induced cell death.

The major obstacle to successful treatment of gastric cancer is chemotherapy resistance. Our study was designed to investigate the role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway in the development of chemoresistance in gastric cancer. In the present study, elevated Akt expression and Akt phosphorylation (Ser 473), as well as decreased PTEN expression were observed in 28 cases of gastric cancer tissues.

[Expression and clinical significance of cyclooxygenase-2 in medulloblastoma].

Objective: To gain an insight into the possible relationship between the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the prognosis of the patients with medulloblastoma.

Methods: COX-2 expression was investigated in 52 medulloblastoma and 10 normal cerebellar tissue specimens by immunohistochemistry. Kaplan-Meier analyses, Log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazard model were used to explore the relationship between the percentage of COX-2 expression and the survival period of patients with medulloblastoma.