Amoxicillin and penicillin G dosing in pediatric community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia in the era of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines.

Background: Parenteral penicillin G (PENG) and oral amoxicillin (AMOX) are recommended as treatment for pediatric community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). With recent epidemiologic penicillin susceptibility data for Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common etiology of CAP, the objective of this study was to evaluate optimal dosing regimens of PENG and AMOX based on population pharmacokinetics linked to current susceptibility data.

Methods: Using NONMEM v7.

Azithromycin Synergizes with Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides to Exert Bactericidal and Therapeutic Activity Against Highly Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens.

Antibiotic resistance poses an increasingly grave threat to the public health. Of pressing concern, rapid spread of carbapenem-resistance among multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative rods (GNR) is associated with few treatment options and high mortality rates. Current antibiotic susceptibility testing guiding patient management is performed in a standardized manner, identifying minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in bacteriologic media, but ignoring host immune factors.

Nafcillin enhances innate immune-mediated killing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Unlabelled: Based on in vitro synergy studies, the addition of nafcillin to daptomycin was used to treat refractory methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia. Daptomycin is a de facto cationic antimicrobial peptide in vivo, with antistaphylococcal mechanisms reminiscent of innate host defense peptides (HDPs). In this study, the effects of nafcillin on HDP activity against MRSA were examined in vitro and in vivo.

Selectively guanidinylated aminoglycosides as antibiotics.

The emergence of virulent, drug-resistant bacterial strains coupled with a minimal output of new pharmaceutical agents to combat them makes this a critical time for antibacterial research. Aminoglycosides are a well-studied, highly potent class of naturally occurring antibiotics with scaffolds amenable to modification, and therefore, they provide an excellent starting point for the development of semisynthetic, next-generation compounds. To explore the potential of this approach, we synthesized a small library of aminoglycoside derivatives selectively and minimally modified at one or two positions with a guanidine group replacing the corresponding amine or hydroxy functionality.