Transiently impaired endothelial function during thyroid hormone withdrawal in differentiated thyroid cancer patients.

Purpose: Endothelial dysfunction, which was associated with chronic hypothyroidism, was an early event in atherosclerosis. Whether short-term hypothyroidism following thyroxine withdrawal during radioiodine (RAI) therapy was associated with endothelial dysfunction in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) was unclear. Aim of the study was to assess whether short-term hypothyroidism could impair endothelial function and the accompanied metabolic changes in the whole process of RAI therapy.

Interleukin-6 promotes the dedifferentiation of papillary thyroid cancer cells.

Radioiodine treatment is a fundamental therapy for patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Sodium/iodide symporter (NIS)-mediated iodine uptake is a prerequisite for the efficacy of radioiodine therapy. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pro-tumor cytokine, but its regulation of NIS expression in PTC has not been elucidated.

Clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes for parapharyngeal metastases of well-differentiated thyroid cancer during I therapy and follow-up.

Objective: Parapharyngeal metastases (PPM) are rarely observed in patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC). Radioiodine ( I) therapy has been the main treatment for metastatic and recurrent DTC after thyroidectomy. This study was performed to evaluate the clinicopathological features and long-term outcomes associated with survival of patients with PPM at the end of follow-up.

Change in Antithyroglobulin Antibody Levels is a Good Predictor of Responses to Therapy in Antithyroglobulin Antibody-Positive Pediatric Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Patients.

Objective: Antithyroglobulin antibodies (TgAbs) could be used as a surrogate tumor marker of TgAb-positive-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. This study aims to determine whether the change in TgAb levels over time could be used as a predictor of responses to therapy in pediatric papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the records of 48 pediatric PTC patients with TgAb levels ≥50 IU/ml 6 months after initial I treatment.

Unexpected Retrosternal Goiter Interpreted as Hyperfunctioning Metastasis on the Posttherapeutic 131I SPECT/CT.

We present a 38-year-old man who underwent total thyroidectomy with radical right neck dissection due to papillary thyroid cancer was referred for 131I treatment. The patient was in subclinical hypothyroidism with remarkable stimulated Tg level after 4 weeks of l-thyroxine withdrawal before 131I treatment, which indicated hyperfunctioning metastasis. Posttherapeutic 131I whole-body scan combined with 131I SPECT/CT performed on day 3 after 131I administration revealed an elevated 131I uptake mass in cervicothoracic region.

Long-Term Outcomes and Prognoses of Elderly Patients (≥65-Years-Old) With Distant Metastases From Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer During Radioiodine Therapy and Follow-Up.

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics, long-term outcomes, and prognostic factors of elderly patients with distant metastases at initial diagnosis from well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC) during radioactive iodine (I) treatment and follow-up.

Methods: A retrospective review of medical records identified 183 elderly patients with DTC who underwent I treatment at our institution between 2006 and 2019.

Results: In total, 57 elderly WDTC patients with distant metastases were enrolled in this study.

Pregnancy Does not Affect the Prognoses of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Patients With Lung Metastases.

Context: Pregnancy-related hormones may stimulate thyroid cancer growth, but whether pregnancy affects the prognoses of patients with lung metastases from differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC-LM) after surgery and radioiodine therapy is unclear.

Objective: To assess the impact of pregnancy on DTC-LM through the comparison of prognoses between female patients with DTC-LM who did and did not become pregnant after surgery and radioiodine therapy.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the records of 124 female patients aged 16 to 35 years who underwent surgery and radioiodine therapy for DTC-LM.

Interleukin 6 regulates the expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 in thyroid cancer.

Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), inducing T cell exhaustion to facilitate immune escape of tumor cells, is upregulated by interleukin 6 (IL-6) in T cell lymphoma and ovarian cancer. The purpose of this study is to investigate the expression of IL-6 and PD-L1 in thyroid cancer, and whether IL-6 regulates PD-L1 expression. As a result, IL-6 and PD-L1 were highly expressed in thyroid cancer tissues.

HIF-1α-Mediated Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Activation Inducing Autophagy Through Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Promotes Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Progression During Hypoxia Stress.

It is important to properly understand the molecular mechanisms of aggressive tumors among papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) that are often the most indolent. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), induced by hypoxia, plays pivotal roles in the development and metastasis of the many tumors, including PTCs. Upregulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) activity is found in highly invasive PTCs.

Interleukins in Thyroid Cancer: From Basic Researches to Applications in Clinical Practice.

Inflammation is crucial to tumorigenesis and progression of many cancers. Inflammatory molecules in tumor microenvironment exert pro- or anti-tumor effects. Among them, interleukin, mainly produced by CD3+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes, is a class of small molecule proteins which play an important role in intercellular communication.

High Expression of Interleukin-12A and Its Association with the Clinicopathology and Prognosis of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.

Background: The inflammatory microenvironment is closely related to the occurrence and development of cancer. Members of the interleukin-12 (IL-12) cytokine family play synergistic or antagonistic roles in the tumor microenvironment, in the form of classic heterodimers or newly discovered monomers or homodimers.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between IL-12A and the clinicopathology and prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC).

ImmunoPET: Concept, Design, and Applications.

Immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) is a paradigm-shifting molecular imaging modality combining the superior targeting specificity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) and the inherent sensitivity of PET technique. A variety of radionuclides and mAbs have been exploited to develop immunoPET probes, which has been driven by the development and optimization of radiochemistry and conjugation strategies. In addition, tumor-targeting vectors with a short circulation time (e.

Distant metastases from pathologically proven benign follicular nodules of the thyroid: clinicopathological features and predictors of long-term survival.

Objective: Distant metastases are rarely observed in patients with initial pathologically proven benign follicular nodules of the thyroid. This study aimed to evaluate the clinicopathological features and independent variables associated with survival in such patients with distant metastases.

Methods: In total, 10,992 consecutive differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients treated with I after total or near-total thyroidectomy from 2000 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed.

Lung Metastases From Papillary Thyroid Cancer With Persistently Negative Thyroglobulin and Elevated Thyroglobulin Antibody Levels During Radioactive Iodine Treatment and Follow-Up: Long-Term Outcomes and Prognostic Indicators.

The lung is the most frequent site of distant metastasis from differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). However, lung metastasis from papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) with persistently negative thyroglobulin (Tg) and elevated Tg antibody (TgAb) levels is an extremely rare entity, and the prognosis is therefore elusive. We investigated the clinical characteristics, long-term outcomes, and prognostic factors of lung metastases in PTC patients with persistently negative thyroglobulin (Tg) and elevated Tg antibody (TgAb) levels during radioactive iodine (I) treatment and follow-up.

Molecular imaging of β-cells: diabetes and beyond.

Since diabetes is becoming a global epidemic, there is a great need to develop early β-cell specific diagnostic techniques for this disorder. There are two types of diabetes (i.e.

Exploiting Nanomaterial-mediated Autophagy for Cancer Therapy.

Autophagy is a conserved process that is critical for sequestering and degrading proteins, damaged or aged organelles, and for maintaining cellular homeostasis under stress conditions. Despite its dichotomous role in health and diseases, autophagy usually promotes growth and progression of advanced cancers. In this context, clinical trials using chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as autophagy inhibitors have suggested that autophagy inhibition is a promising approach for treating advanced malignancies and/or overcoming drug resistance of small molecule therapeutics (i.

Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with no less than three distant organ system metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

Objectives: For patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), distant metastases are commonly identified in the lungs and bones. However, they are relatively rare in other distant organs, such as the liver, kidneys, or brain. The aim of the current study was to describe the clinical outcomes and evaluate the prognostic factors of patients with no less than three different distant organ system metastases from DTC.

CD146-Targeted Multimodal Image-Guided Photoimmunotherapy of Melanoma.

For melanoma resistant to molecularly targeted therapy and immunotherapy, new treatment strategies are urgently needed. A molecularly targeted theranostic pair may thus be of importance, where the diagnostic probe facilitates patient stratification and the therapeutic companion treats the selected cases. For this purpose, flow cytometry is used to assess the CD146 level in melanoma cells.

PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH-LIGAND 1 OVEREXPRESSION IN THYROID CANCER.

Objective: Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on tumor tissue has been associated with favorable response to anti-programmed cell death-receptor 1/PD-L1 therapy in many human cancers. Studies have reported that PD-L1 is also expressed in thyroid cancer. The objective of this paper is to introduce the potential predictive and therapeutic values of PD-L1 in thyroid cancer.

A Preliminary Study of Ankle Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography in Patients With Bony Impingement Syndrome: Association With the Visual Analogue Scale Pain Score.

Both osteoarthritis and impingement syndrome are the disorders commonly observed in sports medicine. However, failure in pain alleviation by surgical intervention introduces challenges in the diagnosis and decision-making for orthopedists. Hybrid single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) provides both functional and structural information of ankle pathology.

Can pretreatment F-FDG PET tumor texture features predict the outcomes of osteosarcoma treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy?

Purpose: To investigate whether tumor texture features derived from pretreatment with F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) can predict histological response or event-free survival (EFS) in patients with localized osteosarcoma of the extremities treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC).

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 35 patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage II extremity osteosarcoma treated with NAC and surgery. Primary tumor traditional parameters and texture features were measured for all F-FDG PET images prior to treatment.

Targeted next-generation sequencing in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients looking for germline variants predisposing to the disease.

Purposess: The purpose of this study was using next-generation sequencing technique to explore the potential association between germline variants of 14 targeted genes and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) predisposition as well as disease progression.

Methods: In all, 516 subjects were enrolled in this study including 416 PTC patients and 100 healthy controls. PTC patients were divided into distant metastasis group and non-distant metastasis group.

Targeting autophagy in thyroid cancers.

Thyroid cancer is one of the most common endocrine malignancies. Although the prognosis for the majority of thyroid cancers is relatively good, patients with metastatic, radioiodine-refractory or anaplastic thyroid cancers have an unfavorable outcome. With the gradual understanding of the oncogenic events in thyroid cancers, molecularly targeted therapy using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is greatly changing the therapeutic landscape of radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancers (RR-DTCs), but intrinsic and acquired drug resistance, as well as adverse effects, may limit their clinical efficacy and use.

99mTc-MDP Bone Scan and 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging of Multiple Extraskeletal Osteosarcomas.

Extraskeletal osteosarcomas are uncommon entities in clinical practice, which account for 1% to 2% of all soft tissue sarcomas. We here reported a case of multiple extraskeletal osteosarcomas and nuclear medicine imaging findings of this disease in Tc-MDP bone scan as well as F-FDG PET/CT.

PET Imaging of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Cancer.

Overexpression and/or mutations of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) subfamilies, such as epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR), are closely associated with tumor cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and cellular invasiveness. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) specifically inhibiting these RTKs have shown remarkable success in improving patient survival in many cancer types. However, poor response and even drug resistance inevitably occur.