Comparison of volume-controlled ventilation, pressure-controlled ventilation and pressure-controlled ventilation-volume guaranteed in infants and young children in the prone position: A prospective randomized study.

Study Objective: To explore if the pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) and pressure-controlled ventilation-volume guaranteed (PCV-VG) modes are superior to volume-controlled ventilation (VCV) in optimizing intraoperative respiratory mechanics in infants and young children in the prone position.

Design: A single-center prospective randomized study.

Setting: Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine.

Function and mechanism of TREM2 in bacterial infection.

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), which is a lipid sensing and phagocytosis receptor, plays a key role in immunity and inflammation in response to pathogens. Here, we review the function and signaling of TREM2 in microbial binding, engulfment and removal, and describe TREM2-mediated inhibition of inflammation by negatively regulating the Toll-like receptor (TLR) response. We further illustrate the role of TREM2 in restoring organ homeostasis in sepsis and soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) as a diagnostic marker for sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE).

Impact of intravenous administration of nalbuphine at different time points for postoperative analgesia and sedation in adenotonsillectomized children: a prospective, randomized controlled trial.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of intravenous administration of nalbuphine at different time points for postoperative analgesia and sedation in adenotonsillectomized children.

Methods: Patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome scheduled for adenotonsillectomy were randomly divided into group A (patients received intravenous nalbuphine 0.2 mg/kg before anesthesia induction), group B (patients received intravenous nalbuphine 0.

Comparison of staged LLIF combined with posterior instrumented fusion with posterior instrumented fusion alone for the treatment of adult degenerative lumbar scoliosis with sagittal imbalance.

Background: To retrospectively compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of staged lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) combined with posterior instrumented fusion(PIF)with PIF alone for the treatment of adult degenerative lumbar scoliosis (ADLS) with sagittal imbalance.

Methods: ADLS patients with sagittal imbalance underwent corrective surgery were included and divided into staged group (underwent multilevel LLIF in the first-stage and PIF in the second-stage) and control group (PIF alone). The clinical and radiological outcomes were evaluated and compared between the two groups.

Improved targeting of the 16S rDNA nanopore sequencing method enables rapid pathogen identification in bacterial pneumonia in children.

Objectives: To develop a rapid and low-cost method for 16S rDNA nanopore sequencing.

Methods: This was a prospective study on a 16S rDNA nanopore sequencing method. We developed this nanopore barcoding 16S sequencing method by adding barcodes to the 16S primer to reduce the reagent cost and simplify the experimental procedure.

TREM2 resident macrophages protect the septic heart by maintaining cardiomyocyte homeostasis.

Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SICM) is common in septic patients with a high mortality and is characterized by an abnormal immune response. Owing to cellular heterogeneity, understanding the roles of immune cell subsets in SICM has been challenging. Here we identify a unique subpopulation of cardiac-resident macrophages termed CD163RETNLA (Mac1), which undergoes self-renewal during sepsis and can be targeted to prevent SICM.

Targeting Ferroptosis as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major challenge in perioperative medicine that contributes to pathological damage in various conditions, including ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, acute lung injury, liver transplantation, acute kidney injury and hemorrhagic shock. I/R damage is often irreversible, and current treatments for I/R injury are limited. Ferroptosis, a type of regulated cell death characterized by the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides, has been implicated in multiple diseases, including I/R injury.

Human Neutrophil Defensins Disrupt Liver Interendothelial Junctions and Aggravate Sepsis.

Human neutrophil peptides 1-3 (HNP1-3), also known as human -defensins, are the most abundant neutrophil granule proteins. The genes that encode HNP1-3, , exhibit extensive copy number variations, which correlate well with their protein levels. Human and mouse studies have shown that increased copy numbers of worsen sepsis outcomes.

An Animation Model Generation Method Based on Gaussian Mutation Genetic Algorithm to Optimize Neural Network.

With the rapid development of computer graphics, 3D animation has been applied to all fields of people's lives, especially in the industries of film and television works, games, and entertainment. The wide application of animation technology makes it difficult for general 3D animation effects to impress increasingly discerning audiences. Group animation, as a new focus, has received more and more attention and has become a hot issue in computer graphics.

Novel biomarkers for acute respiratory distress syndrome: genetics, epigenetics and transcriptomics.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be induced by multiple clinical factors, including sepsis, acute pancreatitis, trauma, intestinal ischemia/reperfusion and burns. However, these factors alone may poorly explain the risk and outcomes of ARDS. Emerging evidence suggests that genomic-based or transcriptomic-based biomarkers may hold the promise to establish predictive or prognostic stratification methods for ARDS, and also to help in the development of novel therapeutic targets for ARDS.

Phenotype, genotype and long-term prognosis of 40 Chinese patients with isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency and a review of variant spectra in ACAD8.

Background: Isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (IBDD) is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder resulting from variants in ACAD8, and is poorly understood, as only dozens of cases have been reported previously. Based on a newborn screening program, we evaluated the incidence, phenotype and genotype of IBDD as well as the prognosis. Moreover, we reviewed the variant spectrum in ACAD8 associated with IBDD.

TREM2 Dictates Antibacterial Defense and Viability of Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages during Bacterial Infection.

Macrophages undergo profound metabolic reprogramming to join key immunoregulatory functions, which can be initiated by pattern recognition receptors. TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2), a macrophage phagocytic receptor, plays pivotal roles in sepsis by enhancing bacterial clearance, which is associated with regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, how intracellular ROS participate in TREM2-mediated bactericidal activity remains unclear.

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid Cells-2 (TREM2) inhibits steroidogenesis in adrenocortical cell by macrophage-derived exosomes in lipopolysaccharide-induced septic shock.

Purpose: Endogenously produced glucocorticoids exhibit immunomodulating properties and are of pivotal importance for sepsis outcome. Uncontrolled activation of the immune-adrenal crosstalk increases the risk of sepsis-related death. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) is richly expressed on macrophages and has been demonstrated to improve outcome of sepsis by enhancing elimination of pathogens.

Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-2 Protects Aged Mice Against Sepsis by Mitigating the IL-23/IL-17A Response.

Background: Advancing age is an independent predictor of mortality in septic patients. Recent animal studies were unable to reflect this clinical pathophysiological process, largely hampering the development of new efficacious therapies. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM-2) is a novel immune regulator with multiple activities.

Airway Epithelial Hepcidin Coordinates Lung Macrophages and Immunity Against Bacterial Pneumonia.

Background: Hepcidin is a liver-derived master regulator of iron metabolism through its molecular target ferroportin, the only known mammalian iron exporter. Accumulated evidence has shown the important roles of hepatic hepcidin in host defense and infections. Hepcidin is also expressed by airway epithelial cells.

Increased gene copy number of worsens sepsis by inducing endothelial pyroptosis.

Sepsis claims an estimated 30 million episodes and 6 million deaths per year, and treatment options are rather limited. Human neutrophil peptides 1-3 (HNP1-3) are the most abundant neutrophil granule proteins but their neutrophil content varies because of unusually extensive gene copy number polymorphism. A genetic association study found that increased copy number of the HNP-encoding gene is a risk factor for organ dysfunction during sepsis development.

Self-Assembling Myristoylated Human α-Defensin 5 as a Next-Generation Nanobiotics Potentiates Therapeutic Efficacy in Bacterial Infection.

The increasing prevalence of antibacterial resistance globally underscores the urgent need to the update of antibiotics. Here, we describe a strategy for inducing the self-assembly of a host-defense antimicrobial peptide (AMP) into nanoparticle antibiotics (termed nanobiotics) with significantly improved pharmacological properties. Our strategy involves the myristoylation of human α-defensin 5 (HD5) as a therapeutic target and subsequent self-assembly in aqueous media in the absence of exogenous excipients.

Plasma levels of alarmin HNPs 1-3 associate with lung dysfunction after cardiac surgery in children.

Background: Early onset of lung injury is considerable common after cardiac surgery and is associated with increasing in morbidity and mortality, but current clinical predictors for the occurrence of this complication always have limited positive warning value. This study aimed to evaluate whether elevated plasma levels of human neutrophil peptides (HNPs) 1-3 herald impaired lung function in infants and young children after cardiac surgery necessitating cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).

Methods: Consecutive children younger than 3 years old who underwent cardiac surgery were prospectively enrolled.

The role of increased body mass index in outcomes of sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The role of increased body mass index (BMI) in sepsis is controversial. We aimed to evaluate the associations between overweight (25 kg/m < BMI ≤ 29.9 kg/m), obese (30 kg/m < BMI ≤ 39.

S1PR3 Signaling Drives Bacterial Killing and Is Required for Survival in Bacterial Sepsis.

Rationale: Efficient elimination of pathogenic bacteria is a critical determinant in the outcome of sepsis. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 (S1PR3) mediates multiple aspects of the inflammatory response during sepsis, but whether S1PR3 signaling is necessary for eliminating the invading pathogens remains unknown.

Objectives: To investigate the role of S1PR3 in antibacterial immunity during sepsis.

Selective Activation of Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons Attenuates Polymicrobial Sepsis-Induced Inflammation via the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway.

Objectives: Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons are proposed as a major neuromodulatory system in inflammatory modulation. However, the function of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in sepsis is unknown, and the neural pathways underlying cholinergic anti-inflammation remain unexplored.

Design: Animal research.

TRIM22-Mediated Apoptosis is Associated with Bak Oligomerization in Monocytes.

Monocyte apoptosis is a key mechanism that orchestrates host immune responses during sepsis. TRIM22 is constitutively expressed at high levels in monocytes and plays important roles in the antiviral response and inflammation. Overexpression of TRIM22 interferes with the clonogenic growth of monocytic cells, suggesting that TRIM22 may regulate monocyte survival.

[Association of single nucleotide polymorphism in exon of transient receptor potential melastatin 2 gene with sepsis].

To investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 11th exon of transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) gene with the susceptibility and outcome of sepsis. A total of 119 septic patients and 112 normal subjects were enrolled from the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. Among 119 septic patients, 62 died (fatal group) and 57 survived (survival group) within 28 days of disease onset.