Extracellular vesicle-packaged PD-L1 impedes macrophage-mediated antibacterial immunity in preexisting malignancy.

Malignancies can compromise systemic innate immunity, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we find that tumor-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs; TEVs) deliver PD-L1 to host macrophages, thereby impeding antibacterial immunity. Mice implanted with Rab27a-knockdown tumors are more resistant to bacterial infection than wild-type controls.

Predictive Analysis in Oral Cancer Immunotherapy: Profiling Dual PD-L1-Positive Extracellular Vesicle Subtypes with Step-Wedge Microfluidic Chips.

PD-L1-positive extracellular vesicles (PD-L1 EVs) play a pivotal role as predictive biomarkers in cancer immunotherapy. These vesicles, originating from immune cells (I-PD-L1 EVs) and tumor cells (T-PD-L1 EVs), hold distinct clinical predictive values, emphasizing the importance of deeply differentiating the PD-L1 EV subtypes for effective liquid biopsy analyses. However, current methods such as ELISA lack the ability to differentiate their cellular sources.

Spatiotemporal characteristics of tissue derived small extracellular vesicles is associated with tumor relapse and anti-PD-1 response.

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) residing at tumor tissues are valuable specimens for biopsy. Tumor heterogeneity is common across all cancer types, but the heterogeneity of tumor tissue-derived sEVs (Ti-sEVs) is undefined. This study aims to discover the spatial distributions of Ti-sEVs in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissues and explore how these vesicle distributions affect the patients' prognosis.

Recent progress on defect-engineering in ferroelectric HfO: The next step forward multiscale structural optimization.

The discovery of unconventional scale-free ferroelectricity in HfO-based fluorite thin films has attracted great attention in recent years for their promising applications in low-power logic and nonvolatile memories. The ferroelectricity of HfO is intrinsically originated from the widely accepted ferroelectric metastable orthorhombic 2 phase. In the last decade, defect-doping/solid solution has shown excellent prospects in enhancing and stabilizing the ferroelectricity isovalent or aliovalent defect-engineering.

Immunosuppressive effect of small extracellular vesicle PD-L1 is restricted by co-expression of CD80.

Background: The PD-L1 on tumor cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) can suppress the proliferation and cytokine production of T cells. However, PD-L1 can also be expressed by non-tumor cells. The present study is designed to test whether immunocytes release immunosuppressive PD-L1-positive sEVs.

Substantially Enhanced Electrocaloric Effect in Ba(ZrTi)O Lead-Free Ferroelectric Ceramics via Lattice Stress Engineering.

As an alternative to conventional vapor-compression refrigeration, cooling devices based on electrocaloric (EC) materials are environmentally friendly and highly efficient, which are promising in realizing solid-state cooling. Lead-free ferroelectric ceramics with competitive EC performance are urgently desirable for EC cooling devices. In the past few decades, constructing phase coexistence and high polarizability have been two crucial factors in optimizing the EC performance.

Enhanced Energy Storage Performance by A-B Site Ambipolar Co-Doping in Antiferroelectrics.

Antiferroelectric materials are promising to be used for power capacitive devices. To improve the energy storage performance, solid-solution and defect engineering are widely used to suppress the long-range order by introducing local heterogeneities. However, both methods generally deteriorate either the maximum polarization or breakdown electric field due to damaged intrinsic polarization or increased leakage.

Highly Sensitive Chemiresistive HS Detection at Subzero Temperature over the Sb-Doped SnO@g-CN Heterojunctions under UV Illumination.

NASA has detected HS in the persistently shadowed region of the lunar South Pole through NIR and UV/vis spectroscopy remotely, but in situ detection is generally considered to be more accurate and convincing. However, subzero temperatures in space drastically reduce chemisorbed oxygen ions for gas sensing reactions, making gas sensing at subzero temperature something that has rarely been attempted. Herein, we report an in situ semiconductor HS gas sensor assisted by UV illumination at subzero temperature.

Interferon-γ induces immunosuppression in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma by regulating programmed death ligand 1 secretion.

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a key effector molecule in anti-tumor immune response, has been well documented to correlate with the intratumoral infiltration of immune cells. Of interest, however, a high level of IFN-γ has been reported in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC), which is actually a type of immunologically cold cancer with few infiltrated immune cells. Investigating the functional significance of IFN-γ in SACC would help to explain such a paradoxical phenomenon.

Untouched isolation enables targeted functional analysis of tumour-cell-derived extracellular vesicles from tumour tissues.

To accurately identify the functions of tumour-cell-derived extracellular vesicles (T-EVs), EVs directly isolated from tumour tissues are much preferred over those derived from in vitro cultured tumour cell lines. However, the functional analysis of T-EVs has still been severely limited by the difficulty in selective isolation of T-EVs from tissue-derived heterogeneous EVs, which also contain non-tumour cell-derived EVs. We here establish an untouched isolation strategy that specifically collects natural T-EVs from tumour tissues by removing non-tumour-cell-derived EVs.

Sponge-like loose and porous SnO microspheres with rich oxygen vacancies and their enhanced room-temperature gas-sensing performance.

Structure and surface modification of semiconductor materials are of great importance in gas sensors. In this study, a facile citric acid-assisted solvothermal method a precise calcination process was leveraged to synthesize sponge-like loose and porous SnO microspheres with rich oxygen vacancies (denoted as LP-SnO-O). When this material was used in a gas sensor, it exhibited an extremely high response to 10 ppm hydrogen sulfide gas at room temperature (/ = 9688), which was 54 times higher than that of commercial SnO.

Engineering the Defects and Microstructures in Ferroelectrics for Enhanced/Novel Properties: An Emerging Way to Cope with Energy Crisis and Environmental Pollution.

In the past century, ferroelectrics are well known in electroceramics and microelectronics for their unique ferroelectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and photovoltaic effects. Nowadays, the advances in understanding and tuning of these properties have greatly promoted a broader application potential especially in energy and environmental fields, by harvesting solar, mechanical, and heat energies. For example, high piezoelectricity and high pyroelectricity can be designed by defect or microstructure engineering for piezo- and pyro-catalyst, respectively.

Vertically grown CeO and TiO nanoparticles over the MIL53Fe MOF as proper band alignments for efficient H generation and 2,4-DCP degradation.

The design of highly efficient photoca talysts for clean energy production and environmental remediation are the grand challenges of scientific research. Herein, TiO@MIL53Fe and CeO@MIL53Fe composite photocatalysts are synthesized via solvothermal technique. The SEM and TEM micrographs reveal that TiO and CeO nanoparticles are vertically grown onto the surface of MIL53Fe MOF.

Automatic pulmonary auscultation grading diagnosis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China with artificial intelligence algorithms: A cohort study.

Background And Objective: Research on automatic auscultation diagnosis of COVID-19 has not yet been developed. We therefore aimed to engineer a deep learning approach for the automated grading diagnosis of COVID-19 by pulmonary auscultation analysis.

Methods: 172 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Tongji Hospital were divided into moderate, severe and critical group.

A Prelithiation Separator for Compensating the Initial Capacity Loss of Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Lithium loss during the initial charge process inevitably reduces the capacity and energy density of lithium-ion batteries. Cathode additives are favored with respect to their controllable prelithiation degree and scalable application; however, the insulating nature of their delithiation products retards electrode reaction kinetics in subsequent cycles. Herein, we propose a prelithiation separator by modifying a commercial separator with a LiS/Co nanocomposite to compensate for the initial capacity loss.

A rational design of g-CN-based ternary composite for highly efficient H generation and 2,4-DCP degradation.

In this work, g-CN based ternary composite (CeO/CN/NH-MIL-101(Fe)) has been fabricated via hydrothermal and wet-chemical methods. The composite showed superior photoactivities for HO reduction to produce H and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) degradation. The amount of H evolved over the composite under visible and UV-visible irradiations is 147.

A deep learning algorithm for detection of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma from photographic images: A retrospective study.

Background: The overall prognosis of oral cancer remains poor because over half of patients are diagnosed at advanced-stages. Previously reported screening and earlier detection methods for oral cancer still largely rely on health workers' clinical experience and as yet there is no established method. We aimed to develop a rapid, non-invasive, cost-effective, and easy-to-use deep learning approach for identifying oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) patients using photographic images.

Fabrication of BiFeO-g-CN-WO Z-scheme heterojunction as highly efficient visible-light photocatalyst for water reduction and 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation: Insight mechanism.

In this work, a Z-scheme BiFeO-g-CN-WO (BFO-CN-WO) photocatalyst has been synthesized via a wet chemical method and utilized in photocatalysis for hydrogen generation and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) degradation under visible light irradiation. The resultant photocatalyst showed 90 μmol·h g H evolution activity and 63% 2,4-DCP degradation performance, which is 12 and 4.2 times higher than the pristine g-CN respectively.

Experimental and DFT Studies of Au Deposition Over WO/g-CN Z-Scheme Heterojunction.

A typical Z-scheme system is composed of two photocatalysts which generate two sets of charge carriers and split water into H and O at different locations. Scientists are struggling to enhance the efficiencies of these systems by maximizing their light absorption, engineering more stable redox couples, and discovering new O and H evolutions co-catalysts. In this work, Au decorated WO/g-CN Z-scheme nanocomposites are fabricated via wet-chemical and photo-deposition methods.

A BiTe Topological Insulator as a New and Outstanding Counter Electrode Material for High-Efficiency and Endurable Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells.

Inverted flexible perovskite solar cells (PSCs) typically employ expensive metals as the counter electrodes, which are brittle and corrodible by perovskite, leading to a sharp performance drop under continuous bending, air exposure, thermal stress, or light illumination and eventually retard the commercialization. Herein, a low-cost BiTe counter electrode was employed by using a simple thermal evaporation process. The resultant device achieved an excellent power conversion efficiency of 18.