Transcriptomics Reveals the Killing Mechanism by Which Entomopathogenic Fungi Manipulate the RNA Expression Profiles of Termites and Provides Inspiration for Green Pest Management.

As chemical pesticides have caused serious environmental pollution, fungus-based biological control has become a developing alternative to chemical control. Here, we aimed to determine the molecular mechanism underlying how facilitated invasive infection. We found that the fungus increased its virulence by downregulating () and () throughout termite bodies.

A fungal sirtuin modulates development and virulence in the insect pathogen, Beauveria bassiana.

Chromatin transitions are mediated in part by acetylation/deacetylation post-translational modifications of histones. Histone deacetylases, e.g.

Biochemical, molecular, and morphological variations of flight muscles before and after dispersal flight in a eusocial termite, Reticulitermes chinensis.

Swarming behavior facilitates pair formation, and therefore mating, in many eusocial termites. However, the physiological adjustments and morphological transformations of the flight muscles involved in flying and flightless insect forms are still unclear. Here, we found that the dispersal flight of the eusocial termite Reticulitermes chinensis Snyder led to a gradual decrease in adenosine triphosphate supply from oxidative phosphorylation, as well as a reduction in the activities of critical mitochondrial respiratory enzymes from preflight to dealation.

The Mechanisms of Social Immunity Against Fungal Infections in Eusocial Insects.

Entomopathogenic fungus as well as their toxins is a natural threat surrounding social insect colonies. To defend against them, social insects have evolved a series of unique disease defenses at the colony level, which consists of behavioral and physiological adaptations. These colony-level defenses can reduce the infection and poisoning risk and improve the survival of societal members, and is known as social immunity.

Green light and light stress in moth: influence on antioxidant enzymes in the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Recently, light traps equipped with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been widely applied for controlling nocturnal pest moths. The oriental armyworm, known as Mythimna separata Walker, is an important insect pest in eastern Asia. The present study aimed to evaluate an influence of green light irradiation on antioxidant enzymes and light stress in M.

Syntheses, structures and characterization of isomorphous Co and Ni coordination polymers based on 2-[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-6-methyl-1H-benzimidazole and benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate.

Careful choice of the organic ligands is one of the most important parameters in the rational design and synthesis of coordination polymers. Aromatic polycarboxylates have been widely used in the preparation of metal-organic polymers since they can utilize various coordination modes to form diverse structures and can act as hydrogen-bond acceptors and donors in the assembly of supramolecular structures. Nitrogen-heterocyclic organic compounds have also been used extensively as ligands for the construction of polymers with interesting structures.

Two new isostructural mercury(II) complexes involving the N-heterocyclic 1-[(benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-1,3-imidazole ligand: syntheses, structures and properties.

The unsymmetrical N-heterocyclic ligand 1-[(benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-1,3-imidazole (bmi) has three potential N-atom donors and can act in monodentate or bridging coordination modes in the construction of complexes. In addition, the bmi ligand can adopt different coordination conformations, resulting in complexes with different structures due to the presence of the flexible methylene spacer. Two new complexes, namely bis{1-[(benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-1,3-imidazole-κN}dibromidomercury(II), [HgBr(CHN)], and bis{1-[(benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-1,3-imidazole-κN}diiodidomercury(II), [HgI(CHN)], have been synthesized through the self-assembly of bmi with HgBr or HgI.

Influence of UV-A radiation on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes in Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Abiotic stress factors, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation, significantly affect insect life. UV-A radiation (320-400 nm) has been widely used for insect control since it increases the production of ROS and causes oxidative cell damage. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of UV-A irradiation on an important pest in China, the ear-cutting caterpillar, Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

A new one-dimensional Cu complex with a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture incorporating benzene-1,3-dicarboxylate and 1-[(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-imidazole.

Subtle modifications of N-donor ligands can result in complexes with very different compositions and architectures. In the complex catena-poly[[bis{1-[(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-imidazole-κN}copper(II)]-μ-benzene-1,3-dicarboxylato-κO,O:O], {[Cu(CHO)(CHN)(HO)]·2HO}, each Cu ion is six-coordinated by two N atoms from two crystallographically independent 1-[(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-imidazole (bmi) ligands, by three O atoms from two symmetry-related benzene-1,3-dicarboxylate (bdic) ligands and by one water molecule, leading to a distorted CuNO octahedral coordination environment. The Cu ions are connected by bridging bdic anions to generate a one-dimensional chain.

A one-dimensional zinc(II) coordination polymer with a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture incorporating 1-[(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1H-tetrazole and adipate.

The synthesis of coordination polymers or metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has attracted considerable interest owing to the interesting structures and potential applications of these compounds. It is still a challenge to predict the exact structures and compositions of the final products. A new one-dimensional coordination polymer, catena-poly[[[bis{1-[(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1H-tetrazole-κN}zinc(II)]-μ-hexane-1,6-dicarboxylato-κO,O:O,O] monohydrate], {[Zn(CHO)(CHN)]·HO}, has been synthesized by the reaction of Zn(Ac) (Ac is acetate) with 1-[(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1H-tetrazole (bimt) and adipic acid (Hadi) at room temperature.

Syntheses, structures and properties of two new isostructural zinc(II) complexes based on 1-[(benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-imidazole.

Due to their strong coordination ability and the diversities of their coordination modes, N-heterocyclic organic compounds are used extensively as ligands for the construction of complexes with fascinating structures and potential applications in many fields. Two new complexes, namely bis{1-[(benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-imidazole-κN}dibromidozinc(II), [ZnBr(CHN)], (I), and bis{1-[(benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-imidazole-κN}diiodidozinc(II), [ZnI(CHN)], (II), have been synthesized by reaction of the unsymmetrical N-heterocyclic ligand 1-[(benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-imidazole (bmi) with Zn(acetate) in the presence of KBr or KI. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis shows that both complexes exhibit a mononuclear structure, in which the bmi ligands coordinate to the central metal ion in a monodentate mode.

A new one-dimensional Cd(II) coordination polymer with a two-dimensional layered structure incorporating 2-[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-benzimidazole and benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate ligands.

The N-heterocyclic ligand 2-[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-benzimidazole (imb) has a rich variety of coordination modes and can lead to polymers with intriguing structures and interesting properties. In the coordination polymer catena-poly[[cadmium(II)-bis[μ-benzene-1,2-dicarboxylato-κ(4)O(1),O(1'):O(2),O(2')]-cadmium(II)-bis{μ-2-[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-benzimidazole}-κ(2)N(2):N(3);κ(2)N(3):N(2)] dimethylformamide disolvate], {[Cd(C8H4O4)(C11H10N4)]·C3H7NO}n, (I), each Cd(II) ion exhibits an irregular octahedral CdO4N2 coordination geometry and is coordinated by four O atoms from two symmetry-related benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate (1,2-bdic(2-)) ligands and two N atoms from two symmetry-related imb ligands. Two Cd(II) ions are connected by two benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate ligands to generate a binuclear [Cd2(1,2-bdic)2] unit.

Effect of UV-A radiation as an environmental stress on the development, longevity, and reproduction of the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

The ultraviolet light (UV-A) range of 320-400 nm is widely used as light trap for insect pests. Present investigation was aimed to determine the effect of UV light-A radiation on development, adult longevity, reproduction, and development of F1 generation of Mythimna separata. Our results revealed that the mortality of the second instar larvae was higher than the third and fourth instar larvae after UV-A radiation.

A new one-dimensional Zn(II) coordination polymer based on 2-[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-benzimidazole and benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate.

Multidentate N-heterocyclic compounds form a variety of metal complexes with many intriguing structures and interesting properties. The title coordination polymer, catena-poly[zinc(II)-bis{μ-2-[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-benzimidazole}-κ(2)N(3):N(3');N(3'):N(3)-zinc(II)-bis(μ-benzene-1,2-dicarboxylato)-κ(2)O(1):O(2);κ(3)O(1),O(1'):O(2)], [Zn2(C8H4O4)2(C11H10N4)2]n, has been synthesized by the reaction of Zn(NO3)2 with 2-[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-benzimidazole (imb) and benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid (H2bdic) under hydrothermal conditions. There are two crystallographically distinct imb ligands [imb(A) and imb(B)] in the structure which adopt very similar coordination geometries.

A new two-dimensional ZnII coordination polymer constructed by a multidentate N-heterocyclic ligand and 5-carboxybenzene-1,3-dicarboxylate.

In the coordination polymer, poly[[{μ-1-[(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1H-imidazole-κ(2)N:N'}(μ-5-carboxybenzene-1,3-dicarboxylato-κ(2)O(1):O(3))zinc(II)] dimethylformamide monosolvate pentahydrate], {[Zn(C9H4O6)(C11H10N4)]·C3H7NO·5H2O}n, the Zn(II) ion is coordinated by two N atoms from two symmetry-related 1-[(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1H-imidazole (bmi) ligands and two O atoms from two symmetry-related 5-carboxybenzene-1,3-dicarboxylate (Hbtc(2-)) ligands in a slightly distorted tetrahedral geometry. The Zn(II) ions are bridged by Hbtc(2-) and bmi ligands, leading to a 4-connected two-dimensional network with the topological notation (4(4).6(2)).

A two-dimensional layered Cd(II) coordination polymer with a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture incorporating mixed multidentate N- and O-donor ligands.

The combination of N-heterocyclic and multicarboxylate ligands is a good choice for the construction of metal-organic frameworks. In the title coordination polymer, poly[bis{μ2-1-[(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1H-tetrazole-κ(2)N(3):N(4)}(μ4-butanedioato-κ(4)O(1):O(1'):O(4):O(4'))(μ2-butanedioato-κ(2)O(1):O(4))dicadmium], [Cd(C4H4O4)(C9H8N6)]n, each Cd(II) ion exhibits an irregular octahedral CdO4N2 coordination geometry and is coordinated by four O atoms from three carboxylate groups of three succinate (butanedioate) ligands and two N atoms from two 1-[(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1H-tetrazole (bimt) ligands. Cd(II) ions are connected by two kinds of crystallographically independent succinate ligands to generate a two-dimensional layered structure with bimt ligands located on each side of the layer.

A one-dimensional zinc(II) coordination polymer based on mixed multidentate N- and O-donor ligands.

In the title coordination polymer, catena-poly[[bis[{1-[(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl-κN(3))methyl]-1H-tetrazole}zinc(II)]-bis(μ4-pentane-1,5-dioato-1:2:1':2'κ(4)O(1):O(1'):O(5):O(5'))] methanol disolvate], {[Zn(C5H6O4)(C9H8N6)]·CH3OH}n, each Zn(II) ion is five-coordinated by four O atoms from four glutarate ligands and by one N atom from a 1-[(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1H-tetrazole (bimt) ligand, leading to a slightly distorted square-pyramidal coordination environment. Two Zn(II) ions are linked by four bridging glutarate carboxylate groups to generate a dinuclear [Zn2(CO2)4] paddle-wheel unit. The dinuclear units are further connected into a one-dimensional chain via the glutarate ligands.

A trade-off between antipredatory behavior and pairing competition produced by male-male tandem running in three Reticulitermes species.

Due to the omnipresent risk of predation, termites have evolved many antipredatory behaviors. The two related species Reticulitermes speratus and R. chinensis have been demonstrated to use homosexual tandem running to decrease individual predation risk after shedding their wings.

Two sodium(I) coordination polymers constructed by the V-shaped ligands 2,2'-[isopropylidenebis(1,4-phenyleneoxy)]diacetic acid and 2,2'-[sulfonylbis(1,4-phenyleneoxy)]diacetic acid.

Two new inorganic-organic coordination polymers, namely poly[[μ6-2-(4-{1-[4-(carboxymethoxy)phenyl]-1-methylethyl}phenoxy)acetato][μ4-2-(4-{1-[4-(carboxymethoxy)phenyl]-1-methylethyl}phenoxy)acetato]disodium(I)], [Na2(C19H19O6)2]n, (I), and poly[hexa-μ-aqua-diaquabis{μ3-2,2'-[sulfonylbis(1,4-phenyleneoxy)]diacetato}tetrasodium(I)], [Na4(C16H14O8)2(H2O)8]n, (II), have been prepared. In (I), the asymmetric unit contains two Na(I) cations and two 2-(4-{1-[4-(carboxymethoxy)phenyl]-1-methylethyl}phenoxy)acetate (HL1(-)) ligands. Each Na(I) cation is octahedrally coordinated by two ether O atoms and four carboxylate O atoms of three different HL1(-) ligands.

Field evaluation of a fipronil bait against subterranean termite Odontotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Termitidae).

The subterranean termite Odontotermes formosanus Shiraki is an important pest of agronomic crops, plantations, and forestry, and it endangers earthen dikes and dams in China. A fipronil bait consisting of straw pulp and white sugar was evaluated against field colonies of O. formosanus.