Subretinal microglia support donor photoreceptor survival in rd1 mice.

Purpose: To investigate the potential relationship between subretinal microglia and transplanted donor photoreceptors.

Methods: Photoreceptor precursors were transplanted into wild-type mice and rd1 mice by trans-scleral injection. Immunohistochemistry was employed to detect microglia and macrophages.

Identification of three key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of tetracyclic oxindole alkaloids in Uncaria rhynchophylla.

Tetracyclic oxindole alkaloids (TOAs), main active ingredients of Uncaria rhynchophylla (UR), has inspired the interest of pharmacologists and chemists because of its great potential in the treatment of the diseases of the nervous system and cardiovascular system and its special spirooxindole scaffold, but the biosynthetic pathway of this compounds is still unknown. In this work, the metabolomics and transcriptomics of hook, leaf and stem of UR were analyzed, and 31 alkaloids and 47,423 unigenes were identified, as well as the relative contents of these alkaloids were evaluated. Based on the above results and literatures, a proposal biosynthetic pathway for TOAs was devised.