The long-term effects of norgestrel on the reproductive and thyroid systems in adult zebrafish at environmentally relevant concentrations.

Progestins are crucial steroid hormones that have attracted wide attention due to their endocrine disrupting effects in fish. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of long-term exposure to low concentrations of norgestrel (NGT) on the reproductive and thyroid endocrine systems of adult zebrafish. Adult zebrafish were exposed to 7 and 39 ng/L NGT for a duration of 90 days.

Ferrate(vi) initiated oxidative degradation mechanisms clarified by DFT calculations: a case for sulfamethoxazole.

Ferrate(vi) is an efficient and environmentally friendly oxidant for the degradation of organic micropollutants. However, the related mechanism for the degradation is ambiguous and can hardly be elucidated empirically due to the rapid oxidation process and unstable intermediates for experimental trapping. Herein we performed density function theory (DFT) calculations to unveil the mechanism of ferrate(vi)-mediated degradation, taking sulfamethoxazole as a model compound.